Cyclists and pedestrians are sacrificed for the greater safety of motorists, says campaigner.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Joseph S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1123089 | biostudies-literature | 2002 May
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Cyclists and pedestrians are sacrificed for the greater safety of motorists, says campaigner.
BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 20020501 7346
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Project description:BackgroundPedestrians and cyclists are often referred to as "vulnerable road users," yet most research is focused on fatal crashes. We used fatal and nonfatal crash data to examine risk factors (i.e., relationship to an intersection, urbanicity, crash circumstances, and vehicle type) for police-reported pedestrian and cyclist injuries on public roads among children aged 0-9 and aged 10-19. We also compared risk factors among these two age groups with adults aged 20-29 and aged 30-39.MethodsCrash data were obtained for 2016-2020 from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Fatality Analysis Reporting System for fatal crash injuries and Crash Report Sampling System for nonfatal crash injuries. We collected data on victim demographics, roadway, and vehicle- and driver-related factors. Descriptive analyses were conducted between and within pedestrian and cyclist victims.ResultsWe analyzed 206,429 pedestrian injuries (36% in children aged 0-19) and 148,828 cyclist injuries (41% in children aged 0-19) from 2016 to 2020. Overall, child pedestrians had lower injury rates than adults, but children aged 10-19 had greater cycling crash rates than adults. Almost half of the pedestrian injuries in children aged 0-9 were "dart-out" injuries (43%). In the majority of the cyclist injuries, children in both age groups failed to yield to vehicles (aged 0-9 = 40% and aged 10-19 = 24%). For children and all ages included in the study, the fatality risk ratio was highest when pedestrians and cyclists were struck by larger vehicles, such as trucks and buses. Further exploration of roadway factors is presented across ages and transportation mode.ConclusionOur findings on child, driver, vehicle, and roadway factors related to fatal and nonfatal pedestrian and cyclist injuries may help to tailor prevention efforts for younger and older children.
| S-EPMC11010370 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background: Traffic accidents are an important issue for public health and a threat for sustainable development, with pedestrians and cyclists having been recognized as the most vulnerable actors on the streets. The objective of this study was to analyze the profiles of pedestrians and cyclists who died as a result of traffic accidents in Colombia during the 1998-2019 period. Methods: An observational and descriptive study, with the deaths due to traffic accidents in Colombia between 1998 and 2019 as data source. Secondary data were taken from the Vital statistics of Colombia (EEVV), published by Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). A trend analysis of the number of deaths during the period under study was performed, and such number was examined against sex to identify potential differences. Multiple correspondence analysis was employed to elaborate the profile of pedestrians and cyclists who die due to traffic accidents. Three profiles were prepared for each road actor: a global profile, one for 1998, and another for 2019. Results: The mortality profiles are different for pedestrians and cyclists, and, in turn, there are also demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic conditions in each type of road actor, which determine higher mortality risks. High population density, younger age group in the cyclists and adults among the pedestrians, low schooling levels and absence of health insurance are suggested as key factors in these profiles. Related to sex, for men is not possible to establish a profile. Women's cases are commonly related to health insurance, age, and population density. Conclusions: Several contextual and demographic characteristics in pedestrians and cyclists allow delimiting mortality profiles. The profiles that were identified suggest the need to articulate road safety policies with other social and development policies in order to coordinate and integrate intersectoral actions that reduce mortality in these road actors.
| S-EPMC10415722 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC1179796 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Safety concern among electric scooter riders drives them onto sidewalks, endangering pedestrians and making them uncomfortable. Regulators' solutions are inconsistent and conflicting worldwide. Widely accepted pedestrian safety metrics may lead to converging solutions. Adapting the time-to-collision from car traffic safety, we define projected time-to-collision and experimentally study pedestrians' objective and subjective safety. We design isolated and crowd experiments using e-scooter-to-pedestrian interactions to assess the impact of various factors on objective safety. In addition, we conducted a pedestrian survey to relate the subjective safety and the metric. We report a strong correlation between subjective safety and the projected time-to-collision when agents face each other and no relation when the e-scooter overtakes a pedestrian. As a near-miss metric correlated with pedestrian comfort, projected time-to-collision is implementable in policy-making, urban architecture, and e-scooter design to enhance pedestrian safety.
| S-EPMC11228023 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC1123088 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Human reaction plays a key role in improved protection upon emergent traffic situations with motor vehicles. Understanding the underlying behaviour mechanisms can combine active sensing system on feature caption and passive devices on injury mitigation for automated vehicles. The study aims to identify the distance-based safety boundary ("safety envelope") of vehicle-pedestrian conflicts via pedestrian active avoidance behaviour recorded in well-controlled, immersive virtual reality-based emergent traffic scenarios. Via physiological signal measurement and kinematics reconstruction of the complete sequence, we discovered the general perception-decision-action mechanisms under given external stimulus, and the resultant certain level of natural harm-avoidance action. Using vision as the main information source, 70% pedestrians managed to avoid the collision by adapting walking speeds and directions, consuming overall less "decision" time (0.17-0.24 s vs. 0.41 s) than the collision cases, after that, pedestrians need enough "execution" time (1.52-1.84 s) to take avoidance action. Safety envelopes were generated by combining the simultaneous interactions between the pedestrian and the vehicle. The present investigation on emergent reaction dynamics clears a way for realistic modelling of biomechanical behaviour, and preliminarily demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating in vivo pedestrian behaviour into engineering design which can facilitate improved, interactive on-board devices towards global optimal safety.
| S-EPMC7889901 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Public space lighting (PSL) contributes to pedestrians' feeling of safety (FoS) in urban areas after natural dark. However, little is known how different PSL attributes, such as illuminance, light temperature, uniformity and glare, affect people's FoS in different contextual settings. The present study aims to bridge this knowledge gap by developing a model linking different PSL attributes with FoS, while controlling for individual, locational, environmental and temporal factors. To develop such model, the study employs a novel interactive user-oriented method, based on a specially-designed mobile phone application-CityLightsTM. Using this app, a representative sample of observers reported their impressions of PSL attributes and FoS in three cities in Israel, following a set of predetermined routes and points. As the study shows, higher levels of illumination and uniformity positively affect FoS, while lights perceived as warm tend to generate higher FoS than lights perceived as cold. These findings may guide future illumination polices aimed at promoting energy efficiency while ensuring urban sustainability.
| S-EPMC7654807 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Aim: The aim of the study was to explore the perception and practice of physical restraints used by critical care nurses. Design: A qualitative descriptive design was used. Method: From December 2019 to May 2020, a one-to-one, semi-structured in-depth interview with 10 critical care nurses from two intensive care units in a tertiary general hospital with 3,200 beds in China was conducted using the method of purposeful sampling. The data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Findings: The perception of physical restraints among critical care nurses was that patient comfort can be sacrificed for patient safety. Physical restraints protected patient safety by preventing patients from unplanned extubation but influenced patient comfort. Physical restraints were common practice of critical care nurses. Relative physical restraints provided patients with more freedom of movement and rationalization of physical restraints which were the practical strategies. Conclusion: The study identified problems in critical care nurses' perception and practice on physical restraints. Critical care nurses are confident that physical restraints can protect patient safety, and the influence of physical restraints on patient comfort is just like the side effect. Although physical restraints were common practice, critical care nurses still faced dilemmas in the implementation of physical restraints. Relative physical restraints and rationalization of physical restraints help critical care nurses cope with the "bad feelings," which may also be the cause of unplanned extubation. It is necessary for the adaptation of clinical practice guidelines about physical restraints for critically ill patients in the Chinese context, to change the perception and practice of critical care nurses and deliver safe and high-quality patient care.
| S-EPMC8342939 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC1246062 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC1584348 | biostudies-literature