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The nature of metallophilic interactions in closed-shell d⁸-d⁸ metal complexes.

ABSTRACT: We have quantum chemically analyzed the closed-shell d⁸-d⁸ metallophilic interaction in dimers of square planar [M(CO)₂X₂] complexes (M = Ni, Pd, Pt; X = Cl, Br, I) using dispersion-corrected density functional theory at ZORA-BLYP-D3(BJ)/TZ2P level of theory. Our purpose is to reveal the nature of the [X₂(CO)₂M]⋯[M(CO)₂X₂] bonding mechanism by analyzing trends upon variations in M and X. Our analyses reveal that the formation of the [M(CO)₂X₂]₂ dimers is favored by an increasingly stabilizing electrostatic interaction when the M increases in size and by more stabilizing dispersion interactions promoted by the larger X. In addition, there is an overlooked covalent component stemming from metal-metal and ligand-ligand donor-acceptor interactions. Thus, at variance with the currently accepted picture, the d⁸-d⁸ metallophilicity is attractive, and the formation of [M(CO)₂X₂]₂ dimers is not a purely dispersion-driven phenomenon.

SUBMITTER: de Azevedo Santos L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11305097 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The nature of metallophilic interactions in closed-shell d8-d8 metal complexes.

de Azevedo Santos Lucas L Wagner Timon T Visscher Klaas K Nitsch Jörn J Bickelhaupt F Matthias FM Fonseca Guerra Célia C

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP 20240807 31

We have quantum chemically analyzed the closed-shell d8-d8 metallophilic interaction in dimers of square planar [M(CO)2X2] complexes (M = Ni, Pd, Pt; X = Cl, Br, I) using dispersion-corrected density functional theory at ZORA-BLYP-D3(BJ)/TZ2P level of theory. Our purpose is to reveal the nature of the [X2(CO)2M]⋯[M(CO)2X2] bonding mechanism by analyzing trends upon variations in M and X. Our analyses reveal t ...[more]

PMID: 39046093

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Project description:A series of oligothiophene bis(dioxolene) complexes, SQ-Thn-SQ (SQ = S = ½TpCum,MeZnII(3-tert-butyl-orthosemiquinonate); TpCum,Me = tris(5-cumenyl-3-methylpyrazolyl)borate anion) have been synthesized, structurally characterized, and studied as a function of the number of thiophene bridging units, n (n = 0-3) using a combination of variable-temperature (VT) electronic absorption and EPR spectroscopies, and VT magnetic susceptibility measurements. The thiophene bridge bond lengths determined by X-ray crystallography display dramatic differences across the SQ-Thn-SQ series. Bridge bond deviation values (Σ|Δi|) display a progressive change in the nature of the bridge fragment bonding as the number of thiophene groups increases, with quinoidal bridge character for n = 1 (SQ-Th-SQ) and biradical character with "aromatic" bridge bond lengths for n = 3 (SQ-Th3-SQ). Remarkably, for n = 2 (SQ-Th2-SQ) the nature of the bridge fragment is intermediate between quinoid and biradical aromatic, which we describe as having open-shell character as opposed to biradicaloid since the open-shell biradical configuration does not have the correct symmetry to mix with the quinoidal ground-state configuration. This bridge bonding character is reflected in the energies of the lowest lying open-shell states for these three molecules. The SQ-Th-SQ molecule is diamagnetic at all temperatures studied, and we provide evidence for SQ-SQ antiferromagnetic exchange coupling and population of triplet states in SQ-Th2-SQ and SQ-Th3-SQ, with JSQ-SQ(ave) = -279 cm-1 (VT EPR/electronic absorption/magnetic susceptibility) and JSQ-SQ = -117 cm-1 (VT EPR/electronic absorption/magnetic susceptibility), respectively. The results have been interpreted in the context of state configurational mixing within a simplified 4-electron, 3-orbital model that explicitly contains contributions of a bridge fragment. Variable-temperature spectroscopic- and magnetic susceptibility data are consistent with two low-lying open-shell states for SQ-Th3-SQ, but three low-lying states (one closed-shell and two open-shell) for SQ-Th2-SQ. This model provides a simple symmetry-based framework to understand the continuum of electronic and geometric structures of this class of molecules as a function of the number of thiophene units in the bridge.

Dataset Information

The nature of metallophilic interactions in closed-shell d⁸-d⁸ metal complexes.

Publications

The nature of metallophilic interactions in closed-shell d<sup>8</sup>-d<sup>8</sup> metal complexes.

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