Disseminated Mycobacterium tilburgii infection in a person with AIDS: A case report
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SUBMITTER: Yuan M
PROVIDER: S-EPMC11336850 | biostudies-literature | 2024 Aug
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Mycobacterium tilburgii is a nonculturable nontuberculous mycobacterium identifiable only by molecular methods. We report a case of disseminated M. tilburgii infection illustrating the importance of 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine the responsible mycobacterial pathogen and the difficulties in tailoring antimycobacterial treatment in the absence of a culturable organism.
| S-EPMC3993618 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Microsporidial myositis caused by Trachipleistophora hominis is a life-threatening and emerging microsporidiosis among immunocompromised hosts. This article reports a case of disseminated microsporidiosis caused by T. hominis in southern Thailand. The patient had HIV and presented at the clinic with incapacitating muscle pain. She was diagnosed with disseminated microsporidiosis. Molecular identification revealed the sequence of 18S ribosomal RNA gene involving sequences sharing 99% nucleotide identity with T. hominis from an Australian patient. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the detection of T. hominis microsporidia in an HIV patient in Thailand.
| S-EPMC8592187 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPatients with adult-onset immunodeficiency syndrome due to anti-interferon-γ autoantibodies (AIGAs) are susceptible to disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections. M. chimaera, a newly identified MAC species, is distinguished from the others due to the reduced virulence. Previous cases of disseminated M. chimaera infection have been linked to cardiothoracic surgery. Reports of disseminated M. chimaera in patients without a history of cardiothoracic surgery are rare.Case presentationA 57-year-old Asian man, previously healthy, presented with fever, dry cough, exertional dyspnea, and decreased appetite. The delayed resolution of pneumonia despite antibiotic treatment prompted further imaging studies and biopsies from the lung and lymph node. The fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) demonstrated intense uptake in lung consolidations and diffuse lymphadenopathy. Cultures of the specimens obtained from sputum, blood, stool, lung tissue, and lymph node grew M. chimaera. Further immunological evaluation disclosed the presence of neutralizing AIGAs, which possibly led to acquired immunodeficiency and disseminated M. chimaera infection.ConclusionsWe herein present the first case of adult-onset immunodeficiency due to AIGAs complicated with disseminated M. chimaera infection. Further immunological evaluation, including AIGAs, may be warranted in otherwise healthy patients who present with disseminated mycobacterial infection.
| S-EPMC9344727 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC3291457 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAcanthamoeba castellanii infection is a rare condition primarily occurring in immunocompromised patients with extremely high mortality. Currently, there is no standard treatment for this condition, and successful treatment reports are scarce.Case presentationWe present a case of Acanthamoeba castellanii infection in a 63-year-old female patient with AIDS, who was admitted to our hospital with symptoms of fever, skin ulcers, subcutaneous nodules, and food regurgitation from the nose while eating. After initial empirical treatment failed, a biopsy of the subcutaneous nodule was performed, and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) technology was used to detect pathogenic microorganisms in both the biopsy specimen and blood samples. The results revealed Acanthamoeba castellanii infection. Additionally, histopathological examination of the biopsy specimen and cytological examination of the secretions from the ulcer surface also confirmed this pathogenic infection. The patient's symptoms significantly improved upon discharge after adjusting the treatment regimen to a combination of anti-amebic therapy.ConclusionImmunocompromised patients presenting with unexplained fever and skin or sinus lesions should be evaluated for Acanthamoeba castellanii infection. Multi-drug combination therapy is required for this organism infection, and a standard treatment protocol still needs further research. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing is a valuable tool for early diagnosis of unknown pathogen infections.
| S-EPMC11215114 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live-attenuated vaccine used world-wide for prevention of tuberculosis disease. In some immunocompromised hosts it has the potential to cause disease. As with other members of the M. tuberculosis complex it has the potential for acquiring drug resistance. Methods: We reviewed 10 years of paediatric clinical BCG strains referred to our clinical microbiology laboratory in Oxford where they underwent whole genome sequencing. We present a case series comparing clinical, pathogen genetic and pathogen phenotypic data, and consider the clinical implications. Results: We identified 15 BCG isolates from 8 children under 16 years old. Only one child had clinical disease with the other seven reported as local inoculation-site reactions. Case 1 suffered disseminated disease secondary to an undiagnosed IL-12/IFNγ receptor defect and the BCG isolates evolved two different rifampicin resistance mutations. Across all 15 isolates, phenotypic resistance to each first line drug was seen. Conclusions: BCG is a safe and effective vaccine in children. Most clinical specimens in our series were not related to disease. However, in the context of rare pathogen-specific immunocompromise, BCG can cause pathology and acquire drug resistance under selection from therapy.
| S-EPMC7682502 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We report on a case of disseminated infection with central nervous system involvement due to an atypical mycobacterium related to Mycobacterium triplex in a severely immunodepressed human immunodeficiency virus-infected man.
| S-EPMC156493 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We report a case of a person with human immunodeficiency virus with disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection, in whom antiretroviral therapy combined with all drugs of anti-M avium activity failed to clear the pathogen. After PD-1 inhibitor treatment, T-cell exhaustion was reversed and M avium-specific T-cell response was boosted, together with M avium clearance.
| S-EPMC9846183 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Mycobacterium marinum is a ubiquitous waterborne organism that mainly causes skin infection in immunocompetent patients, and its disseminated infection is rare. Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL) usually localizes at the nasal and/or paranasal area, but occasionally disseminates into the skin/soft tissue and gastrointestinal tract. Compromised immunity is a risk factor for developing nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection and malignant lymphoma, and the 2 diseases may share similar clinical presentation; however, only a few reports have described NTM infection mimicking malignant lymphoma.A 43-year-old Japanese man presented to our hospital complaining of multiple progressive skin nodules and purulent nasal discharge for 3 weeks. He was diagnosed with Crohn disease with refractory enteropathic arthritis and has been treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha agents for 25 years. Fiberoptic nasal examination revealed septal perforation with hemorrhagic mucus and purulent rhinorrhea. Histological examination of the nasal septum revealed the infiltration of atypical medium-to-large-sized cells with erosion. The cells were positive for cytoplasmic CD3, granzyme B, and Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNA. Histological examination of the skin nodules and auricle also showed infiltration of atypical lymphocytes. The patient was tentatively diagnosed with ENKL, and chemotherapy was considered. However, the skin lesions decreased in size after discontinuation of immunosuppressive agents and minocycline administration. Two weeks later, nasal septum and lavage fluid and left leg skin cultures were positive for M marinum, and minocycline was discontinued. The skin and the nasal lesions improved after 2 months. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of disseminated M marinum infection with a destructive nasal lesion mimicking ENKL. The differentiation between M marinum infection and ENKL is clinically important because misdirected treatment leads to a poor prognosis. NTM infections including M marinum should be considered in differential diagnosis of ENKL. Bacterial cultures, pathological analysis, and close monitoring are required for the differentiation of ENKL and disseminated M marinum infection; both are serious diseases and early diagnostic distinction between them and immediate appropriate treatment will improve the patient's prognosis.
| S-EPMC4839948 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Mycobacterium bolletii is a rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacterium first characterized in 2006. Here, we report a case of disseminated infection caused by M. bolletii in a young adult patient. To our knowledge, this is the first case of disseminated M. bolletii infection in an otherwise healthy young adult.
| S-EPMC2756897 | biostudies-literature