Enhancing the Oral Bioavailability of Glutathione Using Innovative Analogue Approaches.

ABSTRACT: Background: Glutathione (GSH) is an essential antioxidant that protects against oxidative stress, but its oral bioavailability is below 1% due to enzymatic degradation and poor gastrointestinal absorption. Improving the oral bioavailability of GSH could significantly enhance its therapeutic efficacy. Methods: This study synthesised GSH analogues with chemical modifications to improve bioavailability. Seven GSH derivatives were designed: three analogues with altered stereochemistry (1.62, 1.63, and 1.64) and three N-methylated derivatives (1.65, 1.70, and 1.71), alongside a native GSH (1.61). The analogues were synthesised via Fmoc-solid-phase peptide synthesis, and they were characterised using reverse-phase high-perform

SUBMITTER: Yin N 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC11945201 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature