GM-CSF⁺ Th: a central player in autoimmunity.

ABSTRACT: Autoimmune diseases are driven by a breach of self-tolerance, leading to chronic inflammation and organ damage. While the Th1 and Th17 paradigms have long dominated our understanding of T-cell-mediated pathology, a distinct subset of CD4⁺ T helper cells defined by the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has emerged as a central and non-redundant pathogenic driver. These GM-CSF-producing Th cells orchestrate autoimmune pathology across a spectrum of diseases, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes, among others. Mechanistically, they act as critical amplifiers of inflammation by activating and recruiting myeloid cells, which in turn mediate tissue destruction. Furthermore, they establish vicious feedback loops,

SUBMITTER: Fan SS 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12486991 | biostudies-literature | 2025

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature