From cigarettes to symptoms: the association between smoking and depression in the German National Cohort (NAKO).

ABSTRACT:

Background

Although the association between smoking and depression is well-established, the underlying mechanisms and contextual factors remain insufficiently understood. We examined the association between smoking and depression, including detailed dose-response and timing-related relationships, using baseline data from a large population-based cohort, the German National Cohort (NAKO).

Methods

The analysis comprised 173,890 participants (19-72 years, 50.21% female). Lifetime and current depression were assessed via self-reported physician's diagnosis, the Major Depressive Disorder module of the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), and the depression scale of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Smoking behavior was assessed using self-reported smoking

SUBMITTER: Volker MP 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC12831396 | biostudies-literature | 2025 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature