Dataset Information

1H NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis of Sub-Lethal Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Exposure to the Earthworm, Eisenia fetida, in Soil.

ABSTRACT: 1H NMR-based metabolomics was used to measure the response of Eisenia fetida earthworms after exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in soil. Earthworms were exposed to a range of PFOS concentrations (five, 10, 25, 50, 100 or 150 mg/kg) for two, seven and fourteen days. Earthworm tissues were extracted and analyzed by 1H NMR. Multivariate statistical analysis of the metabolic response of E. fetida to PFOS exposure identified time-dependent responses that were comprised of two separate modes of action: a non-polar narcosis type mechanism after two days of exposure and increased fatty acid oxidation after seven and fourteen days of exposure. Univariate statistical analysis revealed that 2-hexyl-5-ethyl-3-furansulfonate (HEFS), betaine, leucine, arginine, glutamate, maltose and ATP are potential indicators of PFOS exposure, as the concentrations of these metabolites fluctuated significantly. Overall, NMR-based metabolomic analysis suggests elevated fatty acid oxidation, disruption in energy metabolism and biological membrane structure and a possible interruption of ATP synthesis. These conclusions obtained from analysis of the metabolic profile in response to sub-lethal PFOS exposure indicates that NMR-based metabolomics is an excellent discovery tool when the mode of action (MOA) of contaminants is not clearly defined.

SUBMITTER: Lankadurai BP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3901287 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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1H NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis of Sub-Lethal Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Exposure to the Earthworm, Eisenia fetida, in Soil.

Lankadurai Brian P BP Furdui Vasile I VI Reiner Eric J EJ Simpson André J AJ Simpson Myrna J MJ

Metabolites 20130827 3

1H NMR-based metabolomics was used to measure the response of Eisenia fetida earthworms after exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in soil. Earthworms were exposed to a range of PFOS concentrations (five, 10, 25, 50, 100 or 150 mg/kg) for two, seven and fourteen days. Earthworm tissues were extracted and analyzed by 1H NMR. Multivariate statistical analysis of the metabolic response of E. fetida to PFOS exposure identified time-dependent responses that were c ...[more]

PMID: 24958147

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Project description:Background/Objectives: Petroleum contamination in soil exerts toxic effects on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) through non-polar narcotic mechanisms. However, the specific toxicities of individual petroleum components remain insufficiently understood. Methods: This study investigates the effects of four petroleum components-saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, resins, and asphaltenes-on earthworms in artificially contaminated soil, utilizing a combination of biochemical biomarker analysis and metabolomics to uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms. Results: The results revealed that aromatic hydrocarbons are the most toxic fraction, with EC50 concentrations significantly lower than those of other petroleum fractions. All tested fractions triggered notable metabolic disturbances and immune responses in earthworms after 7 days of exposure, as evidenced by significant changes in metabolite abundance within critical pathways such as arginine synthesis, a-linolenic acid metabolism, and the pentose phosphate pathway. According to the KEGG pathway analysis, saturated hydrocarbon fractions induced marked changes in glycerophospholipid metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism pathways, contributing to the stabilization of the protein structure and membrane integrity. Aromatic hydrocarbon fractions disrupted the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway, leading to increased myotube production and enhanced immune defense mechanisms. The TCA cycle and riboflavin metabolic pathway were significantly altered during exposure to the colloidal fraction, affecting energy production and cellular respiration. The asphaltene fraction significantly impacted glycolysis, accelerating energy cycling to meet stress-induced increases in energy demands. Conclusions: Aromatic hydrocarbons accounted for the highest level of toxicity among the four components in petroleum-contaminated soils. However, the contributions of other fractions to overall toxicity should not be ignored, as each fraction uniquely affects key metabolic pathways and biological functions. These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring metabolic perturbations caused by petroleum components in non-target organisms such as earthworms. They also reveal the specificity of the toxic metabolic effects of different petroleum components on earthworms.

Project description:Biochar is the degradation-resistant product generated by the pyrolysis of organic materials and is produced for the intended use of land application in order to promote carbon sequestration and soil improvement. However, despite the many potential benefits biochar application offers, it is important to quantify any ecological impacts that may result from soil amendment in order to avoid potentially causing negative effects upon soil biota which are crucial in the many ecosystem services provided by soil. Any impacts on earthworms in particular are important to evaluate because of their pivotal role in organic matter breakdown, nutrient cycling and soil formation. In this study, we conducted a series of ecotoxicological assays to determine lethal and sublethal (avoidance, mass change and moisture content) effects of heavy biochar applications that reflect levels that may be used in soil restoration efforts. Two earthworm species, Eisenia fetida, an epigeic species, and Lumbricus terrestris, an anecic species, were utilised as test organisms. Two types of biochar, produced from wheat straw and rice husk feedstocks, respectively, were applied to OECD artificial soil and to a natural soil (Kettering loam) at rates of up to 20% w/w. The influence of biochar application on soil porewater chloride, fluoride and phosphate concentrations was also assessed. The biochar applications induced only a subtle level of avoidance behaviour while effects on survival over a 4-week exposure period were inconsistent. However, death and physical damage to some individual earthworms at high biochar application rates were observed, the mechanisms and processes leading to which should be investigated further. Earthworm development (mean mass change over time) proved to be a more sensitive measure, revealing negative effects on L. terrestris at 10% and 20% (w/w) wheat biochar applications in OECD soil and at 20% (w/w) applications of both biochars in Kettering loam. The moisture content of E. fetida remained remarkably consistent across all treatments (~ 82%), indicating that this is not a sensitive measure of effects. The high rates of biochar application resulted in increased chloride (2 to 3-fold) and phosphate (100-fold) concentrations in simulated soil porewaters, which has important implications for soil fertility and production but also for environmental management.

Dataset Information

1H NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis of Sub-Lethal Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Exposure to the Earthworm, Eisenia fetida, in Soil.

Publications

1H NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis of Sub-Lethal Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Exposure to the Earthworm, Eisenia fetida, in Soil.

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