Immunologic Pathways That Predict Mortality in HIV-Infected Ugandans Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy.
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SUBMITTER: Lee S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5853335 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Apr
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Immunologic Pathways That Predict Mortality in HIV-Infected Ugandans Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy.
Lee Sulggi S Byakwaga Helen H Boum Yap Y Burdo Tricia H TH Williams Kenneth C KC Lederman Michael M MM Huang Yong Y Tracy Russell P RP Cao Huyen H Haberer Jessica E JE Kembabazi Annet A Bangsberg David R DR Martin Jeffrey N JN Hunt Peter W PW
The Journal of infectious diseases 20170401 8
The plasma kynurenine/tryptophan (KT) ratio, a marker of adaptive immune defects, strongly predicts mortality during treated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease in Ugandans as compared to US-based populations. Here, the KT ratio and T-cell and plasma biomarkers of immune activation were measured among 535 HIV-infected Ugandans prior to ART initiation and at month 6 of viral suppression. The month 6 KT ratio (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.74), soluble CD14 level (aHR, 2.32), interleukin 6 ...[more]
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Project description:BackgroundThere is conflicting evidence on the immunologic benefit of treating helminth co-infections ("deworming") in HIV-infected individuals. Several studies have documented reduced viral load and increased CD4 count in antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve individuals after deworming. However, there are a lack of data on the effect of deworming therapy on CD4 count recovery among HIV-infected persons taking ART.Methodology/principal findingsTo estimate the association between empiric deworming therapy and CD4 count after ART initiation, we performed a retrospective observational study among HIV-infected adults on ART at a publicly operated HIV clinic in southwestern Uganda. Subjects were assigned as having received deworming if prescribed an anti-helminthic agent between 7 and 90 days before a CD4 test. To estimate the association between deworming and CD4 count, we fit multivariable regression models and analyzed predictors of CD4 count, using a time-by-interaction term with receipt or non-receipt of deworming. From 1998 to 2009, 5,379 subjects on ART attended 21,933 clinic visits at which a CD4 count was measured. Subjects received deworming prior to 668 (3%) visits. Overall, deworming was not associated with a significant difference in CD4 count in either the first year on ART (β = 42.8; 95% CI, -2.1 to 87.7) or after the first year of ART (β = -9.9; 95% CI, -24.1 to 4.4). However, in a sub-analysis by gender, during the first year of ART deworming was associated with a significantly greater rise in CD4 count (β = 63.0; 95% CI, 6.0 to 120.1) in females.Conclusions/significanceEmpiric deworming of HIV-infected individuals on ART conferred no significant generalized benefit on subsequent CD4 count recovery. A significant association was observed exclusively in females and during the initial year on ART. Our findings are consistent with recent studies that failed to demonstrate an immunologic advantage to empirically deworming ART-naïve individuals, but suggest that certain sub-populations may benefit.
| S-EPMC4125278 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To assess whether T-cell activation independently predicts the extent of CD4(+) T-cell recovery and mortality in HIV-infected Ugandans initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART).Prospective cohort study.HIV-infected adults starting ART and achieving a plasma HIV RNA level (VL) less than 400 copies/ml by month 6 were sampled from the Uganda AIDS Rural Treatment Outcomes (UARTO) cohort in Mbarara, Uganda. CD4 count, VL, and the percentage-activated (CD38(+)HLA-DR(+)) T cells were measured every 3 months.Of 451 HIV-infected Ugandans starting ART, most were women (70%) with median pre-ART values: age, 34 years; CD4 count, 135 cells/?l; and VL, 5.1 log(10) copies/ml. Of these, 93% achieved a VL less than 400 copies/ml by month 6 and were followed for a median of 24 months, with 8% lost to follow-up at 3 years. Higher pre-ART CD8(+) T-cell activation was associated with diminished CD4 recovery after year 1, after adjustment for pre-ART CD4 count, VL, and sex (P = 0.017). Thirty-four participants died, 15 after month 6. Each 10% point increase in activated CD8(+) T cells at month 6 of suppressive ART was associated with a 1.6-fold increased hazard of subsequent death after adjusting for pretherapy CD4 count (P = 0.048).Higher pre-ART CD8(+) T-cell activation independently predicts slower CD4(+) T-cell recovery and higher persistent CD8(+) T-cell activation during ART-mediated viral suppression independently predicts increased mortality among HIV-infected Ugandans. Novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing or reversing immune activation during ART are needed in this setting.
| S-EPMC3480326 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The relationship between antiretroviral therapy (ART) response and early mortality after ART initiation is unknown. We hypothesized that early mortality is associated with decreased early immunologic response to ART.We prospectively determined the association between changes in plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA and CD4(+) T-cell counts (CD4 count) after 4 weeks of ART and early mortality in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis and pre-ART CD4 counts ? 125 cells/µL. Purified protein derivative (PPD)-specific immune recovery was determined by interferon-? enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assays. Levels of interleukin 6, C-reactive protein, and soluble CD14 were assessed. Patients with CD4 count and viral load values at baseline and week 4 were analyzed using multiple logistic regression.Early immunologic response, but not pre-ART CD4 counts or virologic response, was related to early mortality (8 [interquartile range {IQR}, -18 to 43] vs 68 [IQR, 24-131] cells/µL, P = .002). In a logistic regression model, every 20 cells/µL increase in the CD4 count from baseline to week 4 was independently associated with a 40% reduction in the odds of death (odds ratio, 0.59 [95% confidence interval, .41-.87]). PPD-specific immune recovery was lower, whereas levels of immune activation were higher, among deaths.Early immunologic failure despite virologic suppression is associated with early mortality after ART initiation in advanced HIV/tuberculosis.
| S-EPMC3814836 | biostudies-other
Project description:To explore immunologic risk factors for death within 90 days of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiation, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell subsets were measured by flow cytometry and characterized by logistic regression in 149 Zambian children between 9 months and 10 years of age enrolled in a prospective, observational study of the impact of HAART on measles immunity. Of 21 children who died during follow-up, 17 (81%) had known dates of death and 16 (76%) died within 90 days of initiating HAART. Young age and low weight-for-age z-scores were associated with increased risks of mortality within 90 days of starting HAART, whereas CD4(+) T cell percentage was not associated with mortality. After adjusting for these factors, each 10% increase in CD8(+) effector T cells increased the odds of overall mortality [OR=1.43 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.90)] and was marginally associated with early mortality [OR=1.29 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.72)]. Conversely, each 10% increase in CD4(+) central memory T cells decreased the odds of overall [OR=0.06 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.59)] and early mortality [OR=0.09 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.97)]. Logistic regression prediction models demonstrated areas under the receiver-operator characteristic curves of ?85% for early and overall mortality, with bootstrapped sensitivities of 82-85% upon validation, supporting the predictive accuracy of the models. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell subsets may be more accurate predictors of early mortality than CD4(+) T cell percentages and could be used to identify children who would benefit from more frequent clinical monitoring after initiating HAART.
| S-EPMC3581031 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and associated immune activation predict the risk of cardiovascular disease in resource-rich areas. Less is known about these relationships in sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsBeginning in 2005, we enrolled subjects in southwestern Uganda into a cohort at the time of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. Multiple immune activation measures were assessed before and 6 months after ART initiation. Beginning in 2013, participants aged >40 years underwent metabolic profiling, including measurement of hemoglobin A1c and lipid levels and carotid ultrasonography. We fit regression models to identify traditional and HIV-specific correlates of common carotid intima media thickness (CCIMT).ResultsA total of 105 participants completed carotid ultrasonography, with a median completion time of 7 years following ART initiation. Age, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and pre-ART HIV load were correlated with CCIMT. No association was found between CCIMT and any pre-ART biomarkers of immune activation. However, in multivariable models adjusted for cardiovascular disease risk factors, lower absolute levels of soluble CD14 and interleukin 6 and greater declines in the CD14 level and kynurenine-tryptophan ratio after 6 months of ART predicted a lower CCIMT years later (P < .01).ConclusionsPersistent immune activation despite ART-mediated viral suppression predicts the future atherosclerotic burden among HIV-infected Ugandans. Future work should focus on clinical correlates of these relationships, to elucidate the long-term health priorities for HIV-infected people in the region.
| S-EPMC4704672 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVES:Identifying factors associated with mortality among acutely ill HIV-infected children presenting with advanced HIV disease may help clinicians optimize care for those at highest risk of death. DESIGN:Using data from a randomized controlled trial (NCT02063880), we determined baseline sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory cofactors of mortality among HIV-infected children in Kenya. METHODS:We enrolled hospitalized, HIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy-naive children (0-12 years), initiated antiretroviral therapy, and followed up them for 6 months. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for death and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS:Of 181 enrolled children, 39 (22%) died. Common diagnoses at death were pneumonia or suspected pulmonary tuberculosis [23 (59%)] and gastroenteritis [7 (18%)]. Factors associated with mortality in univariate analysis included age <2 years [HR 3.08 (95% CI: 1.50 to 6.33)], orphaned or vulnerable child (OVC) [HR 2.05 (95% CI: 1.09 to 3.84)], weight-for-age Z score <-2 [HR 2.29 (95% CI: 1.05 to 5.00)], diagnosis of pneumonia with hypoxia [HR 5.25 (95% CI: 2.00 to 13.84)], oral thrush [HR 2.17 (95% CI: 1.15 to 4.09)], persistent diarrhea [HR 3.81 (95% CI: 1.89 to 7.69)], and higher log10 HIV-1 viral load [HR 2.16 (95% CI: 1.35 to 3.46)] (all P < 0.05). In multivariable analysis, age <2 years and OVC status remained significantly associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS:Young age and OVC status independently predicted mortality. Hypoxic pneumonia, oral thrush, and persistent diarrhea are important clinical features that predict mortality. Strategies to enhance early diagnosis in children and improve hospital management of critically ill HIV-infected children are needed.
| S-EPMC6609091 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundIdentifying characteristics of HIV-infected adults likely to have poor treatment outcomes can be useful for targeting interventions efficiently. Research in economics and psychology suggests that individuals' intertemporal time preferences, which indicate the extent to which they trade-off immediate vs. future cost and benefits, can influence various health behaviors. While there is empirical support for the association between time preferences and various non-HIV health behaviors and outcomes, the extent to which time preferences predict outcomes of those receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) has not been examined previously.MethodsHIV-infected adults initiating ART were enrolled at a health facility in Kenya. Participants' time preferences were measured at enrollment and used to classify them as having either a low or high discount rate for future benefits. At 48 weeks, we assessed mortality and ART adherence, as measured by Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS). Logistic regression models adjusting for socio-economic characteristics and risk factors were used to determine the association between time preferences and mortality as well as MEMS adherence ≥90%.ResultsOverall, 44% (96/220) of participants were classified as having high discount rates. Participants with high discount rates had significantly higher 48-week mortality than participants with low discount rates (9.3% vs. 3.1%; adjusted odds ratio 3.84; 95% CI 1.03, 14.50). MEMS adherence ≥90% was similar for participants with high vs. low discount rates (42.3% vs. 49.6%, AOR 0.70; 95% CI 0.40, 1.25).ConclusionHigh discount rates were associated with significantly higher risk of mortality among HIV-infected patients initiating ART. Greater use of time preference measures may improve identification of patients at risk of poor clinical outcomes. More research is needed to further identify mechanisms of action and also to build upon and test the generalizability of this finding.
| S-EPMC4684319 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundHematological status may predict HIV disease progression and mortality among adults initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).ObjectivesWe aimed to examine the relation of anemia and iron status at HAART initiation with survival and morbidity outcomes.MethodsWe conducted a case-cohort study of 570 HIV-infected adults initiating HAART who were enrolled in a trial of multivitamins in Tanzania. Hemoglobin, serum ferritin, and hepcidin concentrations were assessed at HAART initiation and participants were followed up monthly. We adjusted serum ferritin for inflammation using a regression correction method to characterize hematological status. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate HRs for mortality and incident clinical outcomes.ResultsWe found an 83% prevalence of anemia, 15% prevalence of iron deficiency anemia, and 66% prevalence of anemia of chronic diseases (ACD). The prevalence of elevated iron was 33% and 19% had iron deficiency (ID). After multivariate adjustment, severe anemia (HR: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.49, 4.45) and ACD (HR: 4.71; 95% CI: 2.91, 7.62) were associated with increased risk of mortality as compared with nonanemic participants. In addition, both ID (HR: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.08, 7.78) and elevated iron (HR: 2.83; 95% CI: 2.10, 3.82) were associated with increased risk of mortality as compared with normal iron concentrations. Severe anemia and elevated iron concentrations were associated with incident wasting and >10% weight loss (P values <0.05).ConclusionsAnemia and both ID and elevated iron were associated with increased mortality among HIV-infected adults initiating HAART. Safety and efficacy studies including anemia etiology, timing of HAART initiation, and dose of iron supplementation among HIV patients appear warranted.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00383669.
| S-EPMC7540061 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo estimate the prognostic value of T-cell subsets in Zambian patients initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART), and to assess the impact of a nutritional intervention on T-cell subsets.MethodsThis was a sub-study of a randomised clinical trial of a nutritional intervention for malnourished adults initiating ART. Participants in a randomised controlled trial (NUSTART trial) were enrolled between April and December 2012. Participants received lipid-based nutritional supplement either with or without additional vitamins and minerals. Immunophenotyping was undertaken at baseline and, in survivors, after 12 weeks of ART to characterize T-cell subsets using the markers CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45RA, CCR7, CD28, CD57, CD31, α4β7, Ki67, CD25 and HLA-DR. Univariate and multivariate survival analysis was performed, and responses to treatment were analysed using the Wicoxon rank-sum test.ResultsAmong 181 adults, 36 (20%) died by 12 weeks after starting ART. In univariate analysis, patients who died had fewer proliferating, more naïve and fewer gut homing CD4+ T-cells compared to survivors; and more senescent and fewer proliferating CD8+ T-cells. In a multivariate Cox regression model high naïve CD4+, low proliferating CD4+, high senescent CD8+ and low proliferating CD8+ subsets were independently associated with increased risk of death. Recent CD4+ thymic emigrants increased less between recruitment and 12 weeks of ART in the intervention group compared to the control group.ConclusionsSpecific CD4+ T-cell subsets are of considerable prognostic significance for patients initiating ART in Zambia, but only thymic output responded to this nutritional intervention.
| S-EPMC4470912 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundA decline in mortality rates during the first 12 months of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been mainly linked to increased ART initiation at higher CD4 counts and at less advanced World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stages of HIV infection; however, the role of improved patient care has not been well studied. We estimated improvements in early mortality due to improved patient care.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of HIV-infected individuals ages 18 and older who initiated ART at the Mengo HIV Counseling and Home Care Clinic between 2006 and 2016. We conducted a mediation analysis using generalized structural equation models with inverse odds ratio weighting to estimate the natural direct and indirect effects of ART initiation time on early mortality.FindingsAmong 6,847 patients, most were female (69%), with a median age of 32 (interquartile range [IQR] = 28-38), versus a median age of 38 (IQR = 32-45) for males. The median CD4 count at ART initiation increased from 142 cells/ul (95% confidence interval [CI] = 135-150) in 2006-2010 to 302 cells/ul (95% CI = 283-323) in 2015-2016 (p < 0·001). The number of patients at WHO clinical stages I/II increased from 52% in 2006-2010 to 78% in 2015-2016 (p < 0·001). Annual early mortality decreased from 8·8 deaths/100 person years (PYS) in 2006 to 2.5 deaths/100 pys in 2016 (p < 0·001). Mediation by CD4 counts and WHO clinical stages accounted for 54% of the total effect of ART initiation timing on early mortality. In comparison, 46% remained as the direct effect, reflecting the contribution of improved patient care.InterpretationImproved patient care practices should be promoted as a strategy for reducing early mortality after ART initiation, above and beyond the effects from ART initiation at higher CD4 counts and less advanced WHO clinical stage alone.FundingThis research was supported by the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Division of Intramural Research, and the National Cancer Institute.
| S-EPMC7700951 | biostudies-literature