Dataset Information

Hitting the Target: Mathematical Attainment in Children Is Related to Interceptive-Timing Ability.

ABSTRACT: Interceptive timing is a fundamental ability underpinning numerous actions (e.g., ball catching), but its development and relationship with other cognitive functions remain poorly understood. Piaget suggested that children need to learn the physical rules that govern their environment before they can represent abstract concepts such as number and time. Thus, learning how objects move in space and time may underpin the development of related abstract representations (i.e., mathematics). To test this hypothesis, we captured objective measures of interceptive timing in 309 primary school children (5-11 years old), alongside scores for general motor skill and national standardized academic attainment. Bayesian estimation showed that interceptive timing (but not general motor capability) uniquely predicted mathematical ability even after we controlled for age, reading, and writing attainment. This finding demonstrates that interceptive timing is distinct from other motor skills with specificity in predicting childhood mathematical ability independently of other forms of attainment and motor capability.

SUBMITTER: Giles OT

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6088501 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Hitting the Target: Mathematical Attainment in Children Is Related to Interceptive-Timing Ability.

Giles Oscar T OT Shire Katy A KA Hill Liam J B LJB Mushtaq Faisal F Waterman Amanda A Holt Raymond J RJ Culmer Peter R PR Williams Justin H G JHG Wilkie Richard M RM Mon-Williams Mark M

Psychological science 20180710 8

Interceptive timing is a fundamental ability underpinning numerous actions (e.g., ball catching), but its development and relationship with other cognitive functions remain poorly understood. Piaget suggested that children need to learn the physical rules that govern their environment before they can represent abstract concepts such as number and time. Thus, learning how objects move in space and time may underpin the development of related abstract representations (i.e., mathematics). To test t ...[more]

PMID: 29990446

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Project description:BackgroundChildren with febrile neutropenia commonly exhibit alterations of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, leading to decreased β-lactam concentrations.AimsThis study evaluated piperacillin PK and probability of target attainment (PTA) with continuous infusion of piperacillin-tazobactam, in order to optimize the dosing regimen.MethodsThis prospective PK study included children with cancer, aged 1-17 years, who were treated with piperacillin-tazobactam for suspected or verified infection. A piperacillin-tazobactam loading dose (100 mg/kg) was administered followed by continuous infusion (300 mg/kg/day). The unbound fraction of piperacillin was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and PK were described using population PK modeling. PK data was used to update and extend a previous PK model built on data following intermittent administration. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to assess PTA for targets of 100% time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (100% fT > MIC) and 50% fT > 4xMIC.ResultsWe included 68 fever episodes among 38 children with a median (IQR) age of 6.5 years and body weight of 27.4 kg (15.1-54.0). A three-compartment model adequately described the concentration-time data. Median (95% confidence interval) estimates for clearance and piperacillin concentration at steady state were 14.2 L/h/70 kg (13.0; 15.3) and 47.6 mg/L (17.2; 129.5), respectively. Body weight or lean body weight was significantly associated with the PK parameters, and body weight was integrated in the final PK model. Based on piperacillin exposure, continuous infusion was the only dosing regimen to achieve optimal PTA for the P. aeruginosa breakpoint (16 mg/L) with the target of 100% fT > MIC, and a daily dose of 300 mg/kg reached optimal PTA. The strict target of 50% fT > 4xMIC (64 mg/L) was not feasibly attained by any dosing regimen at recommended doses.ConclusionUnlike conventional piperacillin intermittent administration and extended infusion regimens, continuous infusion allows the target of 100% fT > MIC to be reached for children with febrile neutropenia.

Project description:BackgroundPharmacokinetics (PK) are severely altered in critically ill patients due to changes in volume of distribution (Vd) and/or drug clearance (Cl). This affects the target attainment of antibiotics in critically ill children. We aimed to identify gaps in current knowledge and to compare published PK parameters and target attainment of antibiotics in critically ill children to healthy children and critically ill adults.MethodsSystematic literature search in PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science. Articles were labelled as relevant when they included information on PK of antibiotics in critically ill, non-neonatal, pediatric patients. Extracted PK-parameters included Vd, Cl, (trough) concentrations, AUC, probability of target attainment, and elimination half-life.Results50 relevant articles were identified. Studies focusing on vancomycin were most prevalent (17/50). Other studies included data on penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and aminoglycosides, but data on ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, penicillin and metronidazole could not be found. Critically ill children generally show a higher Cl and larger Vd than healthy children and critically ill adults. Reduced target-attainment was described in critically ill children for multiple antibiotics, including amoxicillin, piperacillin, cefotaxime, vancomycin, gentamicin, teicoplanin, amikacin and daptomycin. 38/50 articles included information on both Vd and Cl, but a dosing advice was given in only 22 articles.ConclusionThe majority of studies focus on agents where TDM is applied, while other antibiotics lack data altogether. The larger Vd and higher Cl in critically ill children might warrant a higher dose or extended infusions of antibiotics in this patient population to increase target-attainment. Studies frequently fail to provide a dosing advice for this patient population, even if the necessary information is available. Our study shows gaps in current knowledge and encourages future researchers to provide dosing advice for special populations whenever possible.

Dataset Information

Hitting the Target: Mathematical Attainment in Children Is Related to Interceptive-Timing Ability.

Publications

Hitting the Target: Mathematical Attainment in Children Is Related to Interceptive-Timing Ability.

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