Project description:Career aspirations are considered to be one of the most important motivation variables in the study of psychology and career development, as well as being connected to an individual's career-related goals, intentions or options. The aims of this study were: (a) to develop and validate a model for predicting career aspirations, and (b) to investigate direct and indirect links between paternal education, self-esteem, resilience, future orientation, and career aspirations of university students. The participants were 445 students from two universities in Thailand. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the factor structure of four measurement models presented in the study was suitable and compatible. To achieve the intended research objectives, the empirical data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with decomposition analysis of total effects in direct and indirect effects. Results showed that paternal education, resilience, and future orientation have significant direct effects on students' career aspirations, while self-esteem has an indirect effect. This suggests that self-esteem can help students develop their resilience, as well as promoting their development of a positive future orientation, which also helps foster a higher level of career aspiration. These results can be fundamental to supporting the continued use of the structural equation model in future research on career development.

| S-EPMC7723283 | biostudies-literature

The Use of Nautical Activities in Formal Education: A Systematic Review.

Project description:IntroductionThe implementation of nautical sports, particularly in coastal areas, during the school stage is a growing phenomenon. It offers unique opportunities for students to develop the necessary competencies outlined in their physical education curriculum in an immersive manner, within a natural and inherently motivating environment.Material and methodsThis study aims to delve deeper into this subject by conducting a systematic review of the utilization of water sports in formal education. To carry out this bibliographic search, the following keywords were employed: "Nautical Activities", "Nautical Sports", "Nautical Camps", "Formal Education", "Children Education", "Primary School", and "Secondary School". The Boolean operator "and" was used to combine these keywords during the search conducted in databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus. The PRISMA Protocol was utilized for the search process, resulting in the selection and categorization of eight papers into the following thematic areas: Wellbeing, Physical and Mental Health, Education, and Management.ResultsThe primary findings of this review indicate that the inclusion of these programs within physical education classes enhances overall physical health, mental well-being, and personal development.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate a positive impact on peer interaction and short-term improvement in self-confidence.

| S-EPMC10669126 | biostudies-literature

Formal Versus Informal Judgments: Faculty Experiences With Entrustment in Graduate Medical Education.

Project description:BackgroundEntrustment of residents has been formalized in many competency-based graduate medical education programs, but its relationship with informal decisions to entrust residents with clinical tasks is unclear. In addition, the effects of formal entrustment on training practice are still unknown.ObjectiveOur objective was to learn from faculty members in training programs with extensive experience in formal entrustment how formal entrustment relates to informal entrustment decisions.MethodsA questionnaire was e-mailed to all Dutch obstetrics and gynecology program directors to gather information on how faculty entrusts residents with clinical independence. We also interviewed faculty members to explore the relationship between formal entrustment and informal entrustment. Interviews were analyzed with conventional content analysis.ResultsOf 92 programs, 54 program directors completed the questionnaire (59% response rate). Results showed that formal entrustment was seen as valuable for generating formative feedback and giving insight into residents' progress in technical competencies. Interviewed faculty members (n = 12) used both formal and informal entrustment to determine the level of resident independence. Faculty reported they tended to favor informal entrustment because it can be reconsidered. In contrast, formal entrustment was reported to feel like a fixed state.ConclusionsIn a graduate medical education program where formal entrustment has been used for more than a decade, faculty used a combination of formal and informal entrustment. Informal entrustment is key in deciding if a resident can work independently. Faculty members reported being unsure how to optimally use formal entrustment in practice next to their informal decisions.

| S-EPMC6194887 | biostudies-literature

The maturation of speech structure in psychosis is resistant to formal education.

Project description:Discourse varies widely with age, level of education, and psychiatric state. Word graphs have been recently shown to provide behavioral markers of formal thought disorders in psychosis (e.g., disorganized flow of ideas) and to track literacy acquisition in children with typical development. Here we report that a graph-theoretical computational analysis of verbal reports from subjects spanning 6 decades of age and 2 decades of education reveals asymptotic changes over time that depend more on education than age. In typical subjects, short-range recurrence and lexical diversity stabilize after elementary school, whereas graph size and long-range recurrence only steady after high school. Short-range recurrence decreases towards random levels, while lexical diversity, long-range recurrence, and graph size increase away from near-randomness towards a plateau in educated adults. Subjects with psychosis do not show similar dynamics, presenting at adulthood a children-like discourse structure. Typical subjects increase the range of word recurrence over school years, but the same feature in subjects with psychosis resists education.

| S-EPMC6286358 | biostudies-literature

Influence of Formal Education on Cognitive Reserve in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

Project description:The concept of cognitive reserve (CR) and its influence on cognitive impairment has attracted increasing interest. One hundred twenty-eight patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) from Southern Germany were evaluated during the years 2000 to 2012. Twenty-seven neuropsychological (NP) tests were applied regarding basic cognitive functions, attention, executive functions, visual perception and construction, memory and learning, problem solving, and language. By this retrospective approach, a comprehensive NP profile of the investigated individuals was established. An effect of timespan of formal education on CR was observed. Enrichment by reading, physical activities, and challenging vocational practices had more profound effects in patients who had undergone a shorter educational period compared to a longer educational period. In summary, our study demonstrates that the advantage of longer formal education periods, compared to shorter formal education periods, can be counterbalanced by high frequencies of reading, physical activities, and challenging vocational practices in patients with MS.

| S-EPMC4809897 | biostudies-literature

Intelectual demand and formal education as cognitive protection factors in Alzheimer's disease.

Project description:To investigate the possible association between educational level and previous professional occupation, and objective cognitive and functional evaluation in a sample of elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease.MethodsThrough retrospective analysis of medical files, 174 patients with probable Alzheimer disease were randomly selected, classified and submitted to analysis according to previous professional occupation and years of formal education.ResultsSubjects with lower education and less intellectually-demanding occupations performed worse than higher educated subjects in all cognitive subtests and on the functional scale.ConclusionsResults indicate that not only the total years of education, but also professional occupation has an impact on cognition and functioning in accordance with the hypothesis of cognitive reserve. Our findings confirmed this hypothesis, where subjects with higher education/ higher intellectual demand manifested first symptoms later than low education/ low intellectual demand subjects, with the latter group also exhibiting faster disease progression.

| S-EPMC5619066 | biostudies-literature

Formal Enone α-Arylation via I(III)-Mediated Aryl Migration/Elimination.

Project description:A formal enone α-arylation is described. This metal-free transformation relies on the I(III)-mediated skeletal reorganization of silyl enol ethers and features mild conditions, good yields, and high stereoselectivities for β-substituted enones.

| S-EPMC7985840 | biostudies-literature

Formal Asymmetric Hydrobromination of Styrenes <i>via</i> Copper-Catalyzed 1,3-Halogen Migration.

Project description:An enantioselective Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-halogen migration reaction accomplishes a formal hydrobromination by transferring a bromine activating group from a sp2 carbon to a benzylic carbon in good er and with concomitant borylation of the Ar-Br bond. Computational modelling aids in understanding the reaction outcome and suggests future directions to improve the formal asymmetric hydrobromination. The benzyl bromide can be displaced with a variety of nucleophiles to produce a wide array of functionalized products.

| S-EPMC4494760 | biostudies-literature