DIARRHEAL DISEASES
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PROVIDER: S-EPMC7149795 | biostudies-literature | 2004 Jun
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The considerable burden of infectious disease-caused diarrhea around the world has motivated the continuing development of a number of vaccine candidates over the past several decades with some reaching the market. As with all major public health interventions, understanding the economics and financing of vaccines against diarrheal diseases is essential to their development and implementation. This review focuses on each of the major infectious pathogens that commonly cause diarrhea, the current understanding of their economic burden, the status of vaccine development, and existing economic evaluations of the vaccines. While the literature on the economics and financing of vaccines against diarrhea diseases is growing, there is considerable room for more inquiry. Substantial gaps exist for many pathogens, circumstances, and effects. Economics and financing studies are integral to vaccine development and implementation.
| S-EPMC5396249 | biostudies-other
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC3417817 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The Program for the Control of Diarrheal Diseases (CDD) of the World Health Organization (WHO) was created in 1978, the year the Health for All Strategy was launched at the Alma Ata International Conference on Primary Health Care. CDD quickly became one of the pillars of this strategy, with its primary goal of reducing diarrhea-associated mortality among infants and young children in developing countries. WHO expanded the previous cholera-focused unit into one that addressed all diarrheal diseases, and uniquely combined support to research and to national CDD Programs. We describe the history of the Program, summarize the results of the research it supported, and illustrate the outcome of the Program's control efforts at country and global levels. We then relate the subsequent evolution of the Program to an approach that was more technically broad and programmatically narrow and describe how this affected diarrheal diseases-related activities globally and in countries.
| S-EPMC6816052 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Diarrheal diseases remain a significant contributor to the global burden of disease. Climate change may increase their incidence by altering the epidemiology of waterborne pathogens through changes in rainfall patterns. To assess potential impacts of future changes in rainfall patterns, we analyzed 33,927 cases of diarrhea across all Ministry of Health clinical facilities in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador, for a 24-month period from 2013 to 2014, using mixed-effects Poisson regression. We assessed the association between the incidence of diarrheal diseases and heavy rainfall events (HREs) and antecedent rainfall conditions. In rural areas, we found no significant associations between HREs and incidence. In urban areas, dry antecedent conditions were associated with higher incidence than wet conditions. In addition, HREs with dry antecedent conditions were associated with elevated incidence by up to 1.35 (incidence rate ratio, 95% CI: 1.14-1.60) times compared with similar conditions without HREs. These patterns may be driven by accumulation of fecal contamination during dry periods, followed by a flushing effect during HREs. This phenomenon is more important in dense urban environments with more impervious surfaces. These findings suggest that projected increases in rainfall variability and HREs may increase diarrhea burden in urban regions, which are rapidly expanding globally.
| S-EPMC7470540 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundDiarrhea is one of the major cause of death and morbidity around the world.ObjectivesThis scoping review summarizes existing frameworks that aim to mitigate the risks of waterborne diarrheal diseases and describe the strengths and weaknesses of these frameworks.Eligibility criteriaPublished frameworks designed to mitigate the risks of waterborne diarrheal diseases. Frameworks published in English, from around the world and published since inception to date.Sources of evidencePubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Google Free Search, organization websites and reference lists of identified sources.Charting methodsData were charted using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Results were summarized and described narratively. A criterion to score the strengths and weaknesses of the included frameworks was also developed.ResultsFive frameworks were identified including: the hygiene improvement framework, community led total sanitation, global action plan for pneumonia and diarrhea, participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation, and sanitation and family education. These frameworks shared several common components, including identification of problems and risk factors, identification and implementation of interventions, and evaluation and monitoring. The frameworks had several interventions including different infrastructure, health promotion and education, enabling environment and clinical treatments. Most of the frameworks included health promotion and education. All the frameworks were strengthened by including strategies for implementing and delivering intervention, human resource aspect, community involvement, monitoring, and evaluation. The main weakness included not having components for collecting, storing, and transferring electronic data and the frameworks not being specifically for mitigating waterborne diarrheal diseases. In addition, the identified frameworks were found to be effective in mitigating the risk of diarrhea diseases among other health effects.ConclusionsExisting frameworks should be updated specifically for mitigating waterborne diarrheal diseases that includes the strengths and addresses weaknesses of reviewed frameworks.
| S-EPMC9733858 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Metagenomics of gut microbiome from diarrheal samples
| PRJEB35214 | ENA
Project description:BackgroundWaterborne diarrhea diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. These diseases can be mitigated by implementing various interventions. We reviewed the literature to identify available interventions to mitigate the risk of waterborne diarrheal diseases.MethodsWe conducted a systematic database review of CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane library, Scopus, African Index Medicus (AIM), and LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature). Our search was limited to articles published between 2009 and 2020. We conducted the review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement checklist. The identified studies were qualitatively synthesized.ResultsOur initial search returned 28 773 articles of which 56 studies met the inclusion criteria. The included studies reported interventions, including vaccines for rotavirus disease (monovalent, pentavalent, and Lanzhou lamb vaccine); enhanced water filtration for preventing cryptosporidiosis, Vi polysaccharide for typhoid; cholera 2-dose vaccines, water supply, water treatment and safe storage, household disinfection, and hygiene promotion for controlling cholera outbreaks.ConclusionWe retrieved few studies on interventions against waterborne diarrheal diseases in low-income countries. Interventions must be specific to each type of waterborne diarrheal disease to be effective. Stakeholders must ensure collaboration in providing and implementing multiple interventions for the best outcomes.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42020190411 .
| S-EPMC9016942 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundDiarrheal diseases are major contributors to deaths. Data on global and country-specific levels and trends of diarrheal diseases resulting from unsafe water are essential for policymakers to allocate resources.AimsThis study aimed to describe the global, regional, and national spatiotemporal burden of diarrheal diseases resulting from unsafe water exposure.MethodsAccording to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 dataset, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of diarrheal diseases, and their age-standardized rates (ASRs) were analyzed by age and sex in 204 countries and territories. Moreover, the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was estimated by a log-linear regression model to reflect the time trend. The association between ASR of diarrheal diseases due to unsafe water and socio-demographic index (SDI) levels was also analyzed.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the number of deaths and DALYs of diarrheal diseases resulting from unsafe water decreased by 50 and 59%, respectively. Moreover, the ASR of deaths and DALYs also decreased during the study period, with AAPCs of -3.69 (95% CI [95% confidence interval]: -3.91 to -3.47) and - 3.66 (95% CI: -3.8 to -3.52), respectively. High diarrheal diseases resulting from unsafe water occurred mainly in low SDI regions and Africa. Males exhibited greater diarrheal deaths attributable to unsafe water than females, which was contrary to the condition in terms of DALYs. The age-specific burden of diarrheal deaths attributable to unsafe water is concentrated in children younger than 5 years. The AAPCs of the ASR of both deaths and DALYs showed a strong negative correlation with the SDI levels.ConclusionThe current study indicated that the global burden of unsafe water exposure-related diarrheal diseases decreased from 1990 to 2019 and varied significantly according to age, sex, and geographical location. Effective health promotion and health communication strategies and policies should be adopted to prevent and control diarrheal diseases resulting from unsafe water exposure.
| S-EPMC10731288 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe health extension program is a community-based health care delivery program with eighteen defined packages. The main aim of the health extension program is to help to reduce child mortality. So, the aim of this study is to assess the impact of a health extension program on diarrheal disease under-five children in the rural community of Kalu district, Northeast Ethiopia, 2021.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from March to April/2021. A Multi-stage sampling technique was used to get a total sample size of 556 (182 model households and 374 non-model households) with a response rate of 92.22%. Binary logistic regression analysis was done, and P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Propensity score matching analysis was used to determine the contribution of health extension program "model households" on diarrhea diseases among under-five children. The average treatment effect on the treated was calculated to compare the means of outcomes across model and non-model households.ResultsHealth extension program (HEP) model household contributed a 17.7% (t = -5.02) decrease in children's diarrheal diseases among under-five children compared with HEP non-model households. Mothers from non-model households were 2.19 times more likely to develop under-five children diarrheal diseases AOR (Adjusted Odds Ratio): 2.19, 95% CI: 1.34-3.57 than mothers from model households. Households who got no frequent home visits were 3.28 times more likely to develop under-five diarrheal diseases AOR (Adjusted Odds Ratio): 3.28, 95% CI: 1.40-7.68.ConclusionWhen the health extension program is implemented fully (model household), the prevalence of under-five diarrheal disease in the rural community could decrease. The need to develop supportive strategies for the sustainability of model households and encouraging households to be model households is very important.
| S-EPMC8830013 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The occurrence of rotavirus (RV) infection among vaccinated children in high-burden settings poses a threat to further disease burden reduction. Genetically altered viruses have the potential to evade both natural infection and vaccine-induced immune responses, leading to diarrheal diseases among vaccinated children. Studies characterizing RV strains responsible for breakthrough infections in resource-limited countries where RV-associated diarrheal diseases are endemic are limited. We aimed to characterize RV strains detected in fully vaccinated children residing in Zambia using next-generation sequencing. We conducted whole genome sequencing on Illumina MiSeq. Whole genome assembly was performed using Geneious Prime 2023.1.2. A total of 76 diarrheal stool specimens were screened for RV, and 4/76 (5.2%) were RV-positive. Whole genome analysis revealed RVA/Human-wt/ZMB/CIDRZ-RV2088/2020/G1P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2 and RVA/Human-wt/ZMB/CIDRZ-RV2106/2020/G12P[4]-I1-R2-C2-M2-A2-N1-T2-E1-H2 strains were mono and multiple reassortant (exchanged genes in bold) respectively, whilst RVA/Human-wt/ZMB/CIDRZ-RV2150/2020/G12P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 was a typical Wa-like strain. Comparison of VP7 and VP4 antigenic epitope of breakthrough strains and Rotarix strain revealed several amino acid differences. Variations in amino acids in antigenic epitope suggested they played a role in immune evasion of neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccination. Findings from this study have the potential to inform national RV vaccination strategies and the design of highly efficacious universal RV vaccines.
| S-EPMC10748035 | biostudies-literature