Dataset Information

Residential cooking-related PM_2.5: Spatial-temporal variations under various intervention scenarios.

ABSTRACT: Some cooking events can generate high levels of hazardous PM_2.5. This study assesses the dispersion of cooking-related PM_2.5 throughout a naturally-ventilated apartment in the US, examines the dynamic process of cooking-related emissions, and demonstrates the impact of different indoor PM_2.5 mitigating strategies. We conducted experiments with a standardized pan-frying cooking procedure under seven scenarios, involving opening kitchen windows, using a range hood, and utilizing a portable air cleaner (PAC) in various indoor locations. Real-time PM_2.5 concentrations were measured in the open kitchen, living room, bedroom (door closed), and outdoor environments. Decay-related parameters were estimated, and time-resolved PM_2.5 emission rates for each experiment were determined using a dynamic model. Results show that the 1-min mean PM_2.5 concentrations in the kitchen and living room peaked 1-7 min after cooking at levels of 200-1400 μg/m³, which were more than 9 times higher than the peak bedroom levels. Mean (standard deviation) k_t for the kitchen, ranging from 0.58 (0.02) to 6.62 (0.34) h^-1, was generally comparable to that of the living room (relative difference < 20%), but was 1-5 times larger than that of the bedroom. The range of PM_2.5 full-decay time was between 1-10 h for the kitchen and living room, and from 0 to > 6 h for the bedroom. The PM_2.5 emission rates during and 5 min after cooking were 2.3 (3.4) and 5.1 (3.9) mg/min, respectively. Intervention strategies, including opening kitchen windows and using PACs either in the kitchen or living room, can substantially reduce indoor PM_2.5 levels and the related full-decay time. For scenarios involving a PAC, placing it in the kitchen (closer to the source) resulted in better efficacy.

SUBMITTER: Xiang J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8224830 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Residential cooking-related PM2.5: Spatial-temporal variations under various intervention scenarios.

Xiang Jianbang J Hao Jiayuan J Austin Elena E Shirai Jeff J Seto Edmund E

Building and environment 20210528

Some cooking events can generate high levels of hazardous PM2.5. This study assesses the dispersion of cooking-related PM2.5 throughout a naturally-ventilated apartment in the US, examines the dynamic process of cooking-related emissions, and demonstrates the impact of different indoor PM2.5 mitigating strategies. We conducted experiments with a standardized pan-frying cooking procedure under seven scenarios, involving opening kitchen windows, using a range hood, ...[more]

PMID: 34177073

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Project description:RationalePM2.5-induced adverse effects on respiratory health may be driven by epigenetic modifications in airway cells. The potential impact of exposure duration on epigenetic alterations in the airways is not yet known.ObjectivesWe aimed to study associations of fine particulate matter PM2.5 exposure with DNA methylation in nasal cells.MethodsWe conducted nasal epigenome-wide association analyses within 503 children from Project Viva (mean age 12.9 y), and examined various exposure durations (1-day, 1-week, 1-month, 3-months and 1-year) prior to nasal sampling. We used residential addresses to estimate average daily PM2.5 at 1 km resolution. We collected nasal swabs from the anterior nares and measured DNA methylation (DNAm) using the Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip. We tested 719,075 high quality autosomal CpGs using CpG-by-CpG and regional DNAm analyses controlling for multiple comparisons, and adjusted for maternal education, household smokers, child sex, race/ethnicity, BMI z-score, age, season at sample collection and cell-type heterogeneity. We further corrected for bias and genomic inflation. We tested for replication in a cohort from the Netherlands (PIAMA).ResultsIn adjusted analyses, we found 362 CpGs associated with 1-year PM2.5 (FDR < 0.05), 20 CpGs passing Bonferroni correction (P < 7.0x10-8) and 10 Differentially Methylated Regions (DMRs). In 445 PIAMA participants (mean age 16.3 years) 11 of 203 available CpGs replicated at P < 0.05. We observed differential DNAm at/near genes implicated in cell cycle, immune and inflammatory responses. There were no CpGs or regions associated with PM2.5 levels at 1-day, 1-week, or 1-month prior to sample collection, although 2 CpGs were associated with past 3-month PM2.5.ConclusionWe observed wide-spread DNAm variability associated with average past year PM2.5 exposure but we did not detect associations with shorter-term exposure. Our results suggest that nasal DNAm marks reflect chronic air pollution exposure.

Project description:The Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study was designed to evaluate associations between PM2.5 species and sources and adverse human health effects. The DASH study generated a five-year (2003-2007) time series of daily speciated PM2.5 concentration measurements from a single, special-purpose monitoring site in Denver, CO. To evaluate the ability of this site to adequately represent the short term temporal variability of PM2.5 concentrations in the five county Denver metropolitan area, a one year supplemental set of PM2.5 samples was collected every sixth day at the original DASH monitoring site and concurrently at three additional sites. Two of the four sites, including the original DASH site, were located in residential areas at least 1.9 km from interstate highways. The other two sites were located within 0.3 km of interstate highways. Concentrations of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and 58 organic molecular markers were measured at each site. To assess spatial variability, site pairs were compared using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and coefficient of divergence (COD), a statistic that provides information on the degree of uniformity between monitoring sites. Biweekly co-located samples collected from July 2004 to September 2005 were also analyzed and used to estimate the uncertainty associated with sampling and analytical measurement for each species. In general, the two near-highway sites exhibited higher concentrations of EC, OC, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and steranes than did the more residential sites. Lower spatial heterogeneity based on r and COD was inferred for all carbonaceous species after considering their divergence and lack of perfect correlations in co-located samples. Ratio-ratio plots combined with available gasoline- and diesel-powered motor vehicle emissions profiles for the region suggested a greater impact to high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs from diesel-powered vehicles at the near-highway sites and a more uniformly distributed impact to ambient hopanes from gasoline-powered motor vehicles at all four sites.

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Residential cooking-related PM_2.5: Spatial-temporal variations under various intervention scenarios.

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Residential cooking-related PM<sub>2.5</sub>: Spatial-temporal variations under various intervention scenarios.

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