Dataset Information

Foamability of Cellulose Palmitate Using Various Physical Blowing Agents in the Extrusion Process.

ABSTRACT: Polymer foams are widely used in several fields such as thermal insulation, acoustics, automotive, and packaging. The most widely used polymer foams are made of polyurethane, polystyrene, and polyethylene but environmental awareness is boosting interest towards alternative bio-based materials. In this study, the suitability of bio-based thermoplastic cellulose palmitate for extrusion foaming was studied. Isobutane, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen (N2) were tested as blowing agents in different concentrations. Each of them enabled cellulose palmitate foam formation. Isobutane foams exhibited the lowest density with the largest average cell size and nitrogen foams indicated most uniform cell morphology. The effect of die temperature on foamability was further studied with isobutane (3 wt%) as a blowing agent. Die temperature had a relatively low impact on foam density and the differences were mainly encountered with regard to surface quality and cell size distribution. This study demonstrates that cellulose palmitate can be foamed but to produce foams with greater quality, the material homogeneity needs to be improved and researched further.

SUBMITTER: Rokkonen T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8347262 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Foamability of Cellulose Palmitate Using Various Physical Blowing Agents in the Extrusion Process.

Rokkonen Teijo T Willberg-Keyriläinen Pia P Ropponen Jarmo J Malm Tero T

Polymers 20210723 15

Polymer foams are widely used in several fields such as thermal insulation, acoustics, automotive, and packaging. The most widely used polymer foams are made of polyurethane, polystyrene, and polyethylene but environmental awareness is boosting interest towards alternative bio-based materials. In this study, the suitability of bio-based thermoplastic cellulose palmitate for extrusion foaming was studied. Isobutane, carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), and nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) were tested as blow ...[more]

PMID: 34372019

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Project description:Loop extrusion constitutes a universal mechanism of genome organization, whereby structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein complexes load onto the chromatin fiber and generate DNA loops of increasingly-larger sizes until their eventual release. In mammalian interphase cells, loop extrusion is mediated by the cohesin complex, which is dynamically regulated by the interchange of multiple accessory proteins. Although these regulators bind the core cohesin complex only transiently, their disruption can dramatically alter cohesin dynamics, gene expression, chromosome morphology and contact patterns. Still, a theory of how cohesin regulators and their molecular interplay with the core complex modulate genome folding remains at large. Here we derive a model of cohesin loop extrusion from first principles, based on in vivo measurements of the abundance and dynamics of cohesin regulators. We systematically evaluate potential chemical reaction networks that describe the association of cohesin with its regulators and with the chromatin fiber. Remarkably, experimental observations are consistent with only a single biochemical reaction cycle, which results in a unique minimal model that may be fully parameterized by quantitative protein measurements. We demonstrate how distinct roles for cohesin regulators emerge simply from the structure of the reaction network, and how their dynamic exchange can regulate loop extrusion kinetics over time-scales that far exceed their own chromatin residence times. By embedding our cohesin biochemical reaction network within biophysical chromatin simulations, we evidence how variations in regulatory protein abundance can alter chromatin architecture across multiple length- and time-scales. Predictions from our model are corroborated by biophysical and biochemical assays, optical microscopy observations, and Hi-C conformation capture techniques. More broadly, our theoretical and numerical framework bridges the gap between in vitro observations of extrusion motor dynamics at the molecular scale and their structural consequences at the genome-wide level.

Dataset Information

Foamability of Cellulose Palmitate Using Various Physical Blowing Agents in the Extrusion Process.

Publications

Foamability of Cellulose Palmitate Using Various Physical Blowing Agents in the Extrusion Process.

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