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Reconciling evidence of oxidative weathering and atmospheric anoxia on Archean Earth.

ABSTRACT: Evidence continues to emerge for the production and low-level accumulation of molecular oxygen (O₂) at Earth’s surface before the Great Oxidation Event. Quantifying this early O₂ has proven difficult. Here, we use the distribution and isotopic composition of molybdenum in the ancient sedimentary record to quantify Archean Mo cycling, which allows us to calculate lower limits for atmospheric O₂ partial pressures (PO₂) and O₂ production fluxes during the Archean. We consider two end-member scenarios. First, if O₂ was evenly distributed throughout the atmosphere, then PO₂ > 10^–6.9 present atmospheric level was required for large periods of time during the Archean eon. Alternatively, if O₂ accumulation was instead spatially restricted (e.g., occurring only near the sites of O₂ production), then O₂ production fluxes >0.01 Tmol O₂/year were required. Archean O₂ levels were vanishingly low according to our calculations but substantially above those predicted for an abiotic Earth system.

SUBMITTER: Johnson AC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8480925 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Reconciling evidence of oxidative weathering and atmospheric anoxia on Archean Earth.

Johnson Aleisha C AC Ostrander Chadlin M CM Romaniello Stephen J SJ Reinhard Christopher T CT Greaney Allison T AT Lyons Timothy W TW Anbar Ariel D AD

Science advances 20210929 40

Evidence continues to emerge for the production and low-level accumulation of molecular oxygen (O2) at Earth’s surface before the Great Oxidation Event. Quantifying this early O2 has proven difficult. Here, we use the distribution and isotopic composition of molybdenum in the ancient sedimentary record to quantify Archean Mo cycling, which allows us to calculate lower limits for atmospheric O2 partial pressures (PO2) and O2 production ...[more]

PMID: 34586856

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Project description:Recognizing whether a planet can support life is a primary goal of future exoplanet spectral characterization missions, but past research on habitability assessment has largely ignored the vastly different conditions that have existed in our planet's long habitable history. This study presents simulations of a habitable yet dramatically different phase of Earth's history, when the atmosphere contained a Titan-like, organic-rich haze. Prior work has claimed a haze-rich Archean Earth (3.8-2.5 billion years ago) would be frozen due to the haze's cooling effects. However, no previous studies have self-consistently taken into account climate, photochemistry, and fractal hazes. Here, we demonstrate using coupled climate-photochemical-microphysical simulations that hazes can cool the planet's surface by about 20 K, but habitable conditions with liquid surface water could be maintained with a relatively thick haze layer (τ ∼ 5 at 200 nm) even with the fainter young Sun. We find that optically thicker hazes are self-limiting due to their self-shielding properties, preventing catastrophic cooling of the planet. Hazes may even enhance planetary habitability through UV shielding, reducing surface UV flux by about 97% compared to a haze-free planet and potentially allowing survival of land-based organisms 2.7-2.6 billion years ago. The broad UV absorption signature produced by this haze may be visible across interstellar distances, allowing characterization of similar hazy exoplanets. The haze in Archean Earth's atmosphere was strongly dependent on biologically produced methane, and we propose that hydrocarbon haze may be a novel type of spectral biosignature on planets with substantial levels of CO2. Hazy Archean Earth is the most alien world for which we have geochemical constraints on environmental conditions, providing a useful analogue for similar habitable, anoxic exoplanets. Key Words: Haze-Archean Earth-Exoplanets-Spectra-Biosignatures-Planetary habitability. Astrobiology 16, 873-899.

Dataset Information

Reconciling evidence of oxidative weathering and atmospheric anoxia on Archean Earth.

Publications

Reconciling evidence of oxidative weathering and atmospheric anoxia on Archean Earth.

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