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Mechanism of N,N-dimethylformamide electrochemical oxidation using a Ti/RuO₂-IrO₂ electrode.

ABSTRACT: The compound N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a widely used industrial chemical and a common environmental contaminant that has been found to be harmful to human health. In this study, electrochemical oxidation was adopted for the degradation of DMF. The effects of four kinds of electrodes on the removal rates of DMF and total organic carbon were compared, and based on the result, the Ti/RuO₂-IrO₂ electrode was selected as the operating electrode. The effects of three independent factors (current density, pH, and NaCl proportion) on the DMF degradation were investigated through single-factor experiments, and the experimental results were optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal experimental conditions were obtained as follows: current density = 47 mA cm^-2, pH = 5.5, and NaCl proportion = 15%. The electrochemical oxidation of 50 mg L^-1 DMF was performed under the optimal conditions; the degradation rate was 97.2% after 7 h, and the reaction followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The degradation products under optimal conditions and chlorine-free conditions were analyzed, and four degradation pathways were proposed. The DMF degradation was more thorough under optimal conditions.

SUBMITTER: Hu X

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8694957 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Mechanism of N,N-dimethylformamide electrochemical oxidation using a Ti/RuO2-IrO2 electrode.

Hu Xuyang X Dong Hao H Zhang Yinghao Y Fang Baihui B Jiang Wenqiang W

RSC advances 20210211 13

The compound N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a widely used industrial chemical and a common environmental contaminant that has been found to be harmful to human health. In this study, electrochemical oxidation was adopted for the degradation of DMF. The effects of four kinds of electrodes on the removal rates of DMF and total organic carbon were compared, and based on the result, the Ti/RuO2-IrO2 electrode was selected as the operating electrode. The effects of ...[more]

PMID: 35423280

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Project description:Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is being actively explored as a treatment for multiple conditions as part of bioelectronic medicine research. Reliable and safe VNS in mouse models is a critical need for understanding mechanisms of these. We report on the development and evaluation of a microfabricated cuff electrode (MouseFlex) constructed of polyimide (PI) and with iridium oxide (IrOx) electrodes that is thermoformed to 86 µm ± 12 µm radius to interface the mouse cervical vagus nerve (r ≈ 50 µm). Innovative bench-top methods were used to evaluate the stimulation stability and electrochemical properties of electrodes. Our aggressive stimulation stability (Stim-Stab) test utilized 1 billion pulses at a 1000 Hz with a current density of 6.28 A/cm2 (1.51 mC/cm2/phase) delivering 3023 × 103 C/cm2 to evaluate electrode lifetimes, and all electrodes remained functional. We also investigated the effects of thermoforming on their impedance, charge storage capacity (CSC), and charge injection capacity (CIC). The modest changes in electrochemical properties indicate that the thermoforming process was well tolerated. Thermoformed electrode safety and efficacy were evaluated in-vivo by performing acute VNS in mice and monitoring their heart and respiration rate as biomarkers. Their electrochemical properties were also measured before, during and after VNS. Bradycardia and bradypnea were reliably induced at stimulation currents of 100 to 200 µA, well below the in-vivo CIC of ∼1250 µA (∼0.5 mC/cm2), supporting their safety and efficacy. The electrode impedance increased and CIC decreased during in-vivo use, but largely reversed these changes in in-vitro testing after enzymatic cleaning, supporting their tolerance for surgical use. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a rapidly growing aspect of healthcare and bioelectronic medicine research. Reliable and safe VNS in mice with small diameter (d ≈ 100 µm) nerves has been a challenge due to achieving intimate contact with the nerve, and the stimulation stability of commonly used electrodes. We demonstrate a microfabricated (MouseFlex) cuff electrode constructed of polyimide with IrOx electrodes that is thermoformed to contact the mouse cervical vagus. Bench studies highlight the stimulation stability exceeded 109 pulses at 6.28 A/cm2 and their electrochemical properties were measured before, during, and after bench and nerve stimulation. Nerve stimulation induced bradycardia and bradypnea at currents below the in-vivo charge injection capacity, supporting their safety, efficacy, and tolerance for surgical handling.

Dataset Information

Mechanism of N,N-dimethylformamide electrochemical oxidation using a Ti/RuO₂-IrO₂ electrode.

Publications

Mechanism of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethylformamide electrochemical oxidation using a Ti/RuO<sub>2</sub>-IrO<sub>2</sub> electrode.

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