Carotenoids, β-Apocarotenoids, and Retinoids: The Long and the Short of It.

ABSTRACT: Naturally occurring retinoids (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, retinyl esters) are a subclass of β-apocarotenoids, defined by the length of the polyene side chain. Provitamin A carotenoids are metabolically converted to retinal (β-apo-15-carotenal) by the enzyme β-carotene-15,15'-dioxygenase (BCO1) that catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the central C=C double bond. A second enzyme β-carotene-9'-10'-dioxygenase cleaves the 9',10' bond to yield β-apo-10'-carotenal and β-ionone. Chemical oxidation of the other double bonds leads to the generation of other β-apocarotenals. Like retinal, some of these β-apocarotenals are metabolically oxidized to the corresponding β-apocarotenoic acids or reduced to the β-apocarotenols, which in turn are esterified to β-apocarotenyl esters. Other metabolic f

SUBMITTER: Harrison EH 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9003029 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature