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Does Neuroinflammation Underlie the Cognitive Changes Observed With Dietary Interventions?

ABSTRACT: Dietary interventions, such as calorie restriction and ketogenic diet, have been extensively studied in ageing research, including in cognitive decline. Epidemiological studies indicate beneficial effects of certain dietary regimes on mental health, including mood disorders and dementia. However, randomised-controlled trials (the gold-standard of evidence-based medicine) on calorie restriction diets and the ketogenic diet have yet to show clinically convincing effects in neuropsychiatric disorders. This review will examine the quality of studies and evidence base for the ketogenic and calorie restriction diets in common neuropsychiatric conditions, collating findings from preclinical experiments, case reports or small clinical studies, and randomised controlled clinical trials. The major cellular mechanisms that mediate the effects of these dietary interventions on brain health include neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and neuromodulation. We will discuss the studies that have investigated the roles of these pathways and their interactions. Popularity of the ketogenic and calorie restriction diets has grown both in the public domain and in psychiatry research, allowing for informed review of the efficacy, the limitations, and the side effects of these diets in specific patient populations. In this review we will summarise the clinical evidence for these diets in neuropsychiatry and make suggestions to improve clinical translation of future research studies.

SUBMITTER: Robbins JP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9127342 | biostudies-literature | 2022

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Does Neuroinflammation Underlie the Cognitive Changes Observed With Dietary Interventions?

Robbins Jacqueline P JP Solito Egle E

Frontiers in neuroscience 20220510

Dietary interventions, such as calorie restriction and ketogenic diet, have been extensively studied in ageing research, including in cognitive decline. Epidemiological studies indicate beneficial effects of certain dietary regimes on mental health, including mood disorders and dementia. However, randomised-controlled trials (the gold-standard of evidence-based medicine) on calorie restriction diets and the ketogenic diet have yet to show clinically convincing effects in neuropsychiatric disorde ...[more]

PMID: 35620671

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Project description:BackgroundThe brain development of preterm infants is easily affected by various adverse extrauterine factors and complications, resulting in abnormal neurological and cognitive development. Recent studies have found that there is a significant correlation between intestinal microbial changes and cognitive behavior. Nevertheless, the correlation between the cognitive impairment and abnormal changes of intestinal microflora in the preterm newborn has been rarely elucidated.AimTo analyze the differences of fecal intestinal flora, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA)-related serum factors between preterm birth with and without cognitive impairment.MethodsHealthy female rats (body weight 410 ± 40 g) of 16-17 days of gestation were selected for the establishment of preterm cognitive impairment model and screened by Morris water maze navigation experiments. The pathological change of rat hippocampus was confirmed by HE staining. The abundance of fecal intestinal microflora was determined by 16sRNA sequencing, while the contents of fecal SCFAs were examined by gas chromatography.ResultsCompared with the control group, the cognitive impairment group had decreased abundance and diversity of intestinal microflora and increased abundance of Proteobacteria at the level of phylum. While the abundances of Alistipes, Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Lactobacillus decreased significantly at the level of order, family, and genus, the abundances of Staphylococcaceae, Enterococci, Psychrobacter, and Oligella increased significantly. Moreover, the levels of total SCFAs and acetic acid in the disease group were significantly lower. The fecal abundance of acetic acid was positively correlated with that of Lactobacillaceae or Peptostreptococcaceae, and negatively correlated with that of Aerococcaceae, and Alcaligenaceae in disease rats. Furthermore, cognitive impairment caused significantly decreased levels of 5-HT, GABA, and BDNF, and increased levels of GR, CRH, IL-6, and TNF-α in rat blood.ConclusionAlterations in intestinal microflora structure and the abundances of SCFAs contributed substantially to the cognitive impairment in preterm rats, which was associated with significant changes in MGBA-related soluble factors.

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Does Neuroinflammation Underlie the Cognitive Changes Observed With Dietary Interventions?

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Does Neuroinflammation Underlie the Cognitive Changes Observed With Dietary Interventions?

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