Dataset Information

Modest volcanic SO₂ emissions from the Indonesian archipelago.

ABSTRACT: Indonesia hosts the largest number of active volcanoes, several of which are renowned for climate-changing historical eruptions. This pedigree might suggest a substantial fraction of global volcanic sulfur emissions from Indonesia and are intrinsically driven by sulfur-rich magmas. However, a paucity of observations has hampered evaluation of these points-many volcanoes have hitherto not been subject to emissions measurements. Here we report new gas measurements from Indonesian volcanoes. The combined SO₂ output amounts to 1.15 ± 0.48 Tg/yr. We estimate an additional time-averaged SO₂ yield of 0.12-0.54 Tg/yr for explosive eruptions, indicating a total SO₂ inventory of 1.27-1.69 Tg/yr for Indonesian. This is comparatively modest-individual volcanoes such as Etna have sustained higher fluxes. To understand this paradox, we compare the geodynamic, petrologic, magma dynamical and shallow magmatic-hydrothermal processes that influence the sulfur transfer to the atmosphere. Results reinforce the idea that sulfur-rich eruptions reflect long-term accumulation of volatiles in the reservoirs.

SUBMITTER: Bani P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9188567 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Modest volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> emissions from the Indonesian archipelago.

Bani Philipson P Oppenheimer Clive C Tsanev Vitchko V Scaillet Bruno B Primulyana Sofyan S Saing Ugan Boyson UB Alfianti Hilma H Marlia Mita M

Nature communications 20220611 1

Indonesia hosts the largest number of active volcanoes, several of which are renowned for climate-changing historical eruptions. This pedigree might suggest a substantial fraction of global volcanic sulfur emissions from Indonesia and are intrinsically driven by sulfur-rich magmas. However, a paucity of observations has hampered evaluation of these points-many volcanoes have hitherto not been subject to emissions measurements. Here we report new gas measurements from Indonesian volcanoes. The co ...[more]

PMID: 35690615

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Project description:BackgroundKnowledge of risk factors and their relative importance in different settings is essential to develop effective health education material for the prevention of typhoid. In this study, we examine the effect of household level and individual behavioural risk factors on the risk of typhoid in three Indonesian islands (Sulawesi, Kalimantan and Papua) in the Eastern Indonesian archipelago encompassing rural, peri-urban and urban areas.MethodsWe enrolled 933 patients above 10 years of age in a health facility-based case-control study between June 2010 and June 2011. Individuals suspected of typhoid were tested using the typhoid IgM lateral flow assay for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever followed by blood culture testing. Cases and controls were defined post-recruitment: cases were individuals with a culture or serology positive result (n = 449); controls were individuals negative to both serology and culture, with or without a diagnosis other than typhoid (n = 484). Logistic regression was used to examine the effect of household level and individual level behavioural risk factors and we calculated the population attributable fraction (PAF) of removing each risk significant independent behavioural risk factor.ResultsWashing hands at critical moments of the day and washing hands with soap were strong independent protective factors for typhoid (OR = 0.38 95% CI 0.25 to 0.58 for each unit increase in hand washing frequency score with values between 0 = Never and 3 = Always; OR = 3.16 95% CI = 2.09 to 4.79 comparing washing hands with soap sometimes/never vs. often). These effects were independent of levels of access to water and sanitation. Up to two thirds of cases could be prevented by compliance to these practices (hand washing PAF = 66.8 95% CI 61.4 to 71.5; use of soap PAF = 61.9 95%CI 56.7 to 66.5). Eating food out in food stalls or restaurant was an important risk factor (OR = 6.9 95%CI 4.41 to 10.8 for every unit increase in frequency score).ConclusionsMajor gains could potentially be achieved in reducing the incidence of typhoid by ensuring adherence to adequate hand-washing practices alone. This confirms that there is a pivotal role for 'software' related interventions to encourage behavior change and create demand for goods and services, alongside development of water and sanitation infrastructure.

Dataset Information

Modest volcanic SO₂ emissions from the Indonesian archipelago.

Publications

Modest volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> emissions from the Indonesian archipelago.

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Modest volcanic SO2 emissions from the Indonesian archipelago.

Publications

Modest volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> emissions from the Indonesian archipelago.

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OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

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Modest volcanic SO₂ emissions from the Indonesian archipelago.