Subject Index : Volume 12
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
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PROVIDER: S-EPMC9332878 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Dec
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC2607235 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Early childhood is a time of significant change within multiple cognitive domains including social cognition, memory, executive function, and language; however, the corresponding neural changes remain poorly understood. This is likely due to the difficulty in acquiring artifact-free functional MRI data during complex task-based or unconstrained resting-state experiments in young children. In addition, task-based and resting state experiments may not capture dynamic real-world processing. Here we overcome both of these challenges through use of naturalistic viewing (i.e., passively watching a movie in the scanner) combined with inter-subject neural synchrony to examine functional specialization within 4- and 6-year old children. Using a novel and stringent crossed random effect statistical analysis, we find that children show more variable patterns of activation compared to adults, particularly within regions of the default mode network (DMN). In addition, we found partial evidence that child-to-adult synchrony increased as a function of age within a DMN region: the temporoparietal junction. Our results suggest age-related differences in functional brain organization within a cross-sectional sample during an ecologically valid context and demonstrate that neural synchrony during naturalistic viewing fMRI can be used to examine functional specialization during early childhood - a time when neural and cognitive systems are in flux.
| S-EPMC5797124 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The hypothalamus is an important neuroendocrine hub for the control of appetite and satiety. In animal studies it has been established that hypothalamic lesioning or stimulation causes alteration to feeding behaviour and consequently body mass, and exposure to high calorie diets induces hypothalamic inflammation. These findings suggest that alterations in hypothalamic structure and function are both a cause and a consequence of changes to food intake. However, there is limited in vivo human data relating the hypothalamus to obesity or eating disorders, in part due to technical problems relating to its small size. Here, we used a novel automated segmentation algorithm to exploratorily investigate the relationship between hypothalamic volume, normalised to intracranial volume, and body mass index (BMI). The analysis was applied across four independent datasets comprising of young adults (total n = 1,351 participants) spanning a range of BMIs (13.3 - 47.8 kg/m2). We compared underweight (including individuals with anorexia nervosa), healthy weight, overweight and obese individuals in a series of complementary analyses. We report that overall hypothalamic volume is significantly larger in overweight and obese groups of young adults. This was also observed for a number of hypothalamic sub-regions. In the largest dataset (the HCP-Young Adult dataset (n = 1111)) there was a significant relationship between hypothalamic volume and BMI. We suggest that our findings of a positive relationship between hypothalamic volume and BMI is potentially consistent with hypothalamic inflammation as seen in animal models in response to high fat diet, although more research is needed to establish a causal relationship. Overall, we present novel, in vivo findings that link elevated BMI to altered hypothalamic structure. This has important implications for study of the neural mechanisms of obesity in humans.
| S-EPMC10509524 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAtrial volume index and atrial volume have recently been identified as predictors of atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence following electrical cardioversion or radiofrequency ablation. However, most studies have reported the relationship between LAVI/LAV and AF recurrence, whereas there is little information on the relationship between RAVI/RAV and AF recurrence. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the relationship between the risk of AF recurrence and RAVI/RAV in patients with AF who underwent electrical cardioversion or radiofrequency ablation.MethodsCNKI, Wanfang Database, Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched up to October 01, 2024. A meta-analysis of relative risk data from prospective and retrospective cohort studies that reported on the relationship between the risk of AF recurrence and RAVI/RAV in patients with AF after electrical cardioversion or radiofrequency ablation was performed.ResultsThe results showed that patients with AF recurrence had a higher mean right atrial volume index (RAVI) compared to patients with no recurrence. After electrical cardioversion or radiofrequency ablation, RAVI can independently predict the recurrence of AF (OR = 1.06, 95%CI (1.02, 1.11)). The average right atrial volume (RAV) of patients with AF recurrence was higher than that of patients without AF recurrence. After electrical cardioversion or radiofrequency ablation, RAV can independently predict the recurrence of AF (OR = 1.02, 95%CI (1.00, 1.05)).ConclusionPatients with AF recurrence after electrical cardioversion or radio frequency ablation had higher mean RAVI and RAV compared to patients with no recurrence. After electrical cardioversion or radiofrequency ablation in patients with AF, higher levels of RAVI and RAV increase the chance of recurrence of AF.
| S-EPMC11649108 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The current study examined the link between temperamental reactivity in infancy and amygdala development in middle childhood. A sample (n = 291) of four-month-old infants was assessed for infant temperament, and two groups were identified: those exhibiting negative reactivity (n = 116) and those exhibiting positive reactivity (n = 106). At 10 and 12 years of age structural imaging was completed on a subset of these participants (n = 75). Results indicate that, between 10 and 12 years of age, left amygdala volume increased more slowly in those with negative compared to positive reactive temperament. These results provide novel evidence linking early temperament to distinct patterns of brain development over middle childhood.
| S-EPMC7096757 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In this report, Chair Heterogeneity Index (CHI) was introduced to assess the dose heterogeneity inside the target with a boost volume. CHI was defined by dividing (V Rx - V Dl ) by (V Dm - V Dh ): V Rx , V Dl , V Dm and V Dh were four points selected from the target cumulative dose volume histogram curve. The effectiveness of CHI was validated by assessing the treatment plans for nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC, 12 cases), breast cancer after breast-conserving-surgery (BC, 10 cases), and stereotactic radiosurgery after whole brain irradiation (SRS, 9 cases). Our results indicate that both CHI and HI of the target can distinguish Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) from Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT, p < 0.05) while the mean differences in CHI (NPC 1.16, BC 1.19 and SRS 3.3) were larger than those in HI (NPC 0.03, BC 0.02 and SRS 0.02). In addition, CHI of the combination volume (the target minus the boost) were statistically higher in VMAT than IMRT in all three kinds of cancer. In conclusion, CHI was effective in assessing the dose heterogeneity inside a target containing a boost volume.
| S-EPMC6021440 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Obesity is associated with lower brain volumes in early Alzheimer's disease, but its effects on hippocampal volumes are unclear, as weight loss is also associated with Alzheimer's disease. To address this question, we applied an automated hippocampal mapping method to brain MRI scans for 162 patients with Alzheimer's disease. We hypothesized that obesity, measured by body mass index, would be associated with lower hippocampal volumes in mildly affected patients. Statistical maps showed a selective pattern of hippocampal volume differences that were significantly associated with body mass index. Associations were detected in the anterior hippocampus, and confirmed by permutation testing. Cardiovascular risk factors, such as high body mass index, may promote additional neurodegenerative changes, and should therefore be considered in epidemiological studies and clinical trials.
| S-EPMC3197837 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) is a novel inflammatory marker based on the composition ratio of blood cell counts. In this study, we evaluated the association between the SII and cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) in health check-up participants. We evaluated participants from our health check-up registry between 2006 and 2013. The SII was calculated using the following formula: SII = (platelet count × neutrophil count)/lymphocyte count. cSVD was assessed by considering white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume, lacunes, and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). A total of 3187 participants were assessed. In multivariable linear regression analysis, the SII was significantly related to WMH volume [β = 0.120, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.050-0.189]. However, lacunes and CMBs showed no statistical significance with the SII. In the subgroup analysis by age, the SII was significantly associated with WMH volume only in participants aged ≥ 60 years (β = 0.225, 95% CI 0.068-0.381). In conclusion, a high SII was associated with cSVD. Since this association was more pronounced in WMH than in lacunes or CMBs, WMH might be closer to the inflammation-related pathological mechanisms.
| S-EPMC9072679 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeDegenerative mitral stenosis (DMS) is associated with a poor prognosis. Although mean transmitral gradient (TMG) has shown a good correlation with outcome, little is known about the association between other echocardiographic parameters and prognosis in patients with DMS. The current study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of left atrial volume index (LAVI) in patients with DMS.MethodsA total of 155 patients with DMS (72[63-80] years, 67% female) were included. The population was divided according to LAVI: normal-sized LAVI (LAVI ≤ 34 ml/m2); and enlarged LAVI (> 34 ml/m2).ResultsPatients with enlarged LAVI had a higher left ventricular mass index (120[96-146] vs. 91[70-112] g/m2 p < 0.001), as well as a higher prevalence of significant mitral regurgitation and severe aortic stenosis (23% vs. 10% p = 0.046 and 38% vs. 15% p=0.001, respectively) compared to patients with normal-sized LAVI. During a median follow-up of 25 months, 56 (36%) patients died. Patients with enlarged LAVI had worse prognosis compared to patients with normal-sized LAVI (p = 0.026). In multivariable Cox regression model, an enlarged LAVI was independently associated with all-cause mortality (HR 2.009, 95% CI 1.040 to 3.880, P = 0.038).ConclusionAn enlarged LAVI (> 34 ml/m2) is significantly associated with excess mortality in patients with DMS. After adjusting for potential confounders, an enlarged LAVI was the only parameter that remained independently associated with prognosis.
| S-EPMC9708792 | biostudies-literature