Role of Exosomes in Immunotherapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

ABSTRACT: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies, having a significantly poor prognosis and no sufficiently efficient treatments. Immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has provided new therapeutic approaches for HCC patients. Nevertheless, most patients with HCC do not benefit from immunotherapy. Exosomes are biologically active lipid bilayer nano-sized vesicles ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm and can be secreted by almost any cell. In the HCC tumor microenvironment (TME), numerous cells are involved in tumor progression, and exosomes-derived from tumor cells and immune cells-exhibit unique composition profiles and act as intercellular communicators by transporting various substances. Showing the dual characteristics of tumor promotion and su

SUBMITTER: Tian BW 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9406927 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature