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Perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and ethnic-racial socialization in Chinese immigrant families before and after the COVID-19 outbreak: An exploratory natural experiment.

ABSTRACT: Emerging research from the United States indicates that people with an East Asian background experience COVID-19-related racial discrimination. There is some (although not consistent) evidence that these discrimination experiences can in turn have psychological and behavioral consequences, such as strengthening one's ethnic identity and influencing parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices. The current study presents a unique natural experiment examining self-reported perceived discrimination experiences, ethnic identity, and ethnic-racial socialization among 80 Chinese immigrant mothers in the Netherlands before and after the COVID-19 outbreak (39 mothers recruited before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and 41 during). The main findings from our exploratory analyses indicated an impact of the pandemic with higher (subtle) discrimination and stronger ethnic identity among Chinese immigrant mothers living in the Netherlands, highlighting how personal experiences related to intergroup processes have changed as a result of the COVID-19 crisis in the European context.

SUBMITTER: Yang Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9463542 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and ethnic-racial socialization in Chinese immigrant families before and after the COVID-19 outbreak: An exploratory natural experiment.

Yang Yiran Y Emmen Rosanneke A G RAG van Veen Daudi D Mesman Judi J

International journal of intercultural relations : IJIR 20220910

Emerging research from the United States indicates that people with an East Asian background experience COVID-19-related racial discrimination. There is some (although not consistent) evidence that these discrimination experiences can in turn have psychological and behavioral consequences, such as strengthening one's ethnic identity and influencing parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices. The current study presents a unique natural experiment examining self-reported perceived discriminati ...[more]

PMID: 36106309

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Project description:ImportanceInvestigating racial and ethnic discrimination in medical education is crucial for addressing disparities and fostering an inclusive environment.ObjectiveTo assess how racial and ethnic discrimination in medical school is associated with personal and professional identity formation (PPIF) by race and ethnicity.Design, setting, and participantsThis retrospective cross-sectional study used deidentified data on 37 610 medical students who matriculated in 2014 or 2015 and took the Association of American Medical Colleges Graduation Questionnaire (GQ) between 2016 and 2020. Statistical analysis was performed from September 1 to November 20, 2023.ExposuresExperiences of racial and ethnic discrimination were assessed through responses to 3 GQ questions about denial of opportunities, offensive remarks or names, and lower evaluations or grades due to race or ethnicity.Main outcomes and measuresPersonal and professional development were measured as 2 separate outcomes using 2 GQ statements rated on a 5-point Likert scale (where 1 indicated strongly disagree and 5 indicated strongly agree): "My medical school has done a good job fostering and nurturing my development as a person" and "My medical school has done a good job fostering and nurturing my development as a physician." Variables of personal and professional development were both dichotomized.ResultsOf 37 610 medical students, 18 200 (48.4%) were female, and 19 410 (51.6%) were male; 2458 (6.5%) were African American or Black, 7801 (20.7%) were Asian, 2430 (6.5%) were Hispanic, 21 380 (56.9%) were White, 2404 (6.4%) were multiracial, and 1137 (3%) were other race or ethnicity. Most respondents attested that their medical school fostered their personal (27 272 [72.5%]) and professional (34 560 [91.9%]) development. African American or Black students reported the lowest rates of personal (1603 of 2458 [65.2%]) and professional (2182 of 2458 [88.8%]) development, and experienced lower likelihoods of personal (adjusted risk ratio [ARR], 0.89 [95% CI, 0.86-0.93]) and professional (ARR, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.94-0.97]) development than White students. Racial discrimination was inversely associated with development, with the highest PPIF rates among those never experiencing discrimination (personal, 25 089 of 33 508 [74.9%]; and professional, 31 257 of 33 508 [93.3%]). Those experiencing isolated discrimination (personal: ARR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.80-0.87]; professional: ARR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.91-0.95]) and recurrent discrimination (personal: ARR, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.60-0.66]; professional: ARR, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.80-0.84]) had relatively lower likelihoods of PPIF. African American or Black students experienced the highest rate of recurrent discrimination (543 of 2458 [22.1%]). No significant PPIF risk differences were found for other racial and ethnic groups underrepresented in medicine without discrimination compared with White students without discrimination, but all groups with recurrent discrimination had relatively lower PPIF risk.Conclusions and relevanceIn this cross-sectional study of US medical students, racial and ethnic discrimination was associated with lower PPIF across all racial and ethnic groups compared with White students without such experiences. African American or Black students disproportionately faced this discrimination. Systemic changes in medical education are needed to combat discrimination and ensure equity in holistic student development.

Project description:The current study examined the links between perceived discrimination, marianismo gender role beliefs, racial-ethnic socialization (preparation for bias), coping strategies (engagement vs. disengagement), and mental health outcomes among 211 Latina college students. First, the authors investigated predictions about mediation effects of ethnic socialization and marianismo in the association between perceived discrimination and coping strategies. Second, they tested predictions about mediation effects of coping strategies in the link between perceived discrimination and mental health outcomes. Results of path analyses showed that perceived discrimination was positively related to familismo and spiritual marianismo pillars, preparation for bias, and engagement coping strategies. Furthermore, the link between perceived discrimination and engagement coping strategies was partially mediated via preparation for bias. Finally, perceived discrimination, disengagement coping strategies and self-silencing marianismo attitudes were negatively linked to mental health. Overall, these findings highlight the complex ways in which coping strategies are linked with one's ethnic and gender socialization and related to perceived discrimination and mental health outcomes. El presente estudio examinó las relaciones entre la discriminación percibida, la socialización étnicaracial (preparación de discriminación), roles de marianismo creencias, estrategias (de compromiso frente a la desconexión) y los resultados de salud mental entre los 211 estudiantes universitarias Latinas. Primero, se investigó predicciones sobre los efectos de mediación de socialización étnica y el marianismo en la asociación entre las estrategias de afrontamiento y la discriminación percibida. También, investigamos las predicciones acerca de los efectos de mediación de las estrategias de supervivencia en la relación entre la discriminación percibida y el salud mental. Los resultados de los análisis mostraron que discriminación percibida fue relacionado positivamente con la preparación para la discriminación, el familismo y pilares Marianismo espirituales, así como las estrategias de participación de afrontamiento. Además, la relación entre las estrategias de afrontamiento de compromiso y la discriminación percibida fue parcialmente mediada a través de la preparación de discriminación. Finalmente, la discriminación percibida, las estrategias de afrontamiento y "selfsilencing" Marianismo actitudes estaban relacionado negativamente a la salud mental. En general, estos resultados ponen de relieve las complejas formas en que las estrategias de afrontamiento están vinculados con la propia socialización étnica y de género y relacionadas con la discriminación percibida y los resultados de salud mental.

Project description:IntroductionUnmet oral health needs remain a significant issue among immigrant adolescents, often exacerbated by experiences of racial discrimination. This study aimed to examine the associations between perceived discrimination and oral health behaviours in adolescents with immigrant backgrounds and explore the potential moderating role of resilience on this association.MethodsEthical approval for this cross-sectional study was obtained from the University of Alberta Research Ethics Board. Participants were 12 to 18-year-old adolescents from immigrant backgrounds. Participants were recruited through nine community organizations using a snowball sampling technique. After obtaining active parental consent and assent from the adolescent, the participants completed a questionnaire covering demographics, oral health behaviours, and perceived racial discrimination and resilience. Perceived racial discrimination and resilience were measured using validated scales. Descriptive statistics summarized variables. Logistic regression assessed associations, controlling for confounding factors. Resilience's moderating impact was analyzed via the interaction model of regression analysis.ResultsIn this cross-sectional study of 316 participants, average age of 15.3 (SD = 1.9) years, and a median age of 15 years (Inter Quartile Range-12-18), 76% reported discrimination experiences. Adjusted analysis showed that an increase of one unit in the total discrimination distress score was associated with 51% less likelihood of categorizing self-rated oral health as good (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.29-0.81). The odds of brushing teeth more than twice a day, as opposed to once a day, decreased by 58% with one unit increase in the total discrimination distress score (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.25-0.71). The odds of visiting the dentist for an urgent procedure instead of a regular check-up were 2.3 times higher with a unit increase in the total discrimination distress score (OR = 2.3: 95% CI:1.3-4.0) Resilience did not moderate the observed association.ConclusionPerceived racial discrimination was associated with the pattern for dental attendance, tooth brushing frequency, and self-rated oral health. Resilience did not moderate the observed association.

Project description:IntroductionUsing students in the Liangshan Yi autonomous prefectures of southwestern China (n = 585; 13-15 years old), we examined (i) the effects of students' perception of their teachers' ethnic-racial socialization on their ethnic identity and mental health outcomes of depressive and stress symptoms; (ii) the effects of students' ethnic identity on their depressive and stress symptoms; (iii) the differential associations among these factors in Yi ethnic minority versus Han cultural majority students.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey and used multistage sampling to collect the information. Chinese-validated standardized measures were used: the Patient Health Questionaires-9, Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale-8, Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure, Cultural Socialization Scale, and Teachers' Attitude on Adoption of Cultural Diversity Scale. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis and multigroup structural equation modeling were employed.ResultsComparing the findings in Yi and Han students, their perception of teachers' ethnic-racial socialization had dissimilar effects on their ethnic identity and mental health outcomes. Three key findings comparing the differences between Yi and Han students were as follows: (i) students' perception of their teachers' multicultural socialization practices positively affected the ethnic identity of both Yi and Han young people; however, their perception of their teachers' socializing them to their own cultures did not exert any effect; (ii) students' perception of teachers' multicultural socialization practices had different mental health effects on Yi versus Han students; and (iii) ethnic identity affected the mental health of Yi ethnic minority students only.ConclusionThe findings underscore the importance of teachers' multicultural socialization in the ethnic identity development of both Yi ethnic minority and Han majority students. Ethnic identity serves as a linking variable bridging perceived teachers' multicultural socialization practices and mental health in Yi ethnic minority students but not among the Han cultural majority youths. Research, practice, and policy implications relevant to the global context are also discussed.

Dataset Information

Perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and ethnic-racial socialization in Chinese immigrant families before and after the COVID-19 outbreak: An exploratory natural experiment.

Publications

Perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and ethnic-racial socialization in Chinese immigrant families before and after the COVID-19 outbreak: An exploratory natural experiment.

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