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The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool.

ABSTRACT: The history of the British Isles and Ireland is characterized by multiple periods of major cultural change, including the influential transformation after the end of Roman rule, which precipitated shifts in language, settlement patterns and material culture¹. The extent to which migration from continental Europe mediated these transitions is a matter of long-standing debate^2-4. Here we study genome-wide ancient DNA from 460 medieval northwestern Europeans-including 278 individuals from England-alongside archaeological data, to infer contemporary population dynamics. We identify a substantial increase of continental northern European ancestry in early medieval England, which is closely related to the early medieval and present-day inhabitants of Germany and Denmark, implying large-scale substantial migration across the North Sea into Britain during the Early Middle Ages. As a result, the individuals who we analysed from eastern England derived up to 76% of their ancestry from the continental North Sea zone, albeit with substantial regional variation and heterogeneity within sites. We show that women with immigrant ancestry were more often furnished with grave goods than women with local ancestry, whereas men with weapons were as likely not to be of immigrant ancestry. A comparison with present-day Britain indicates that subsequent demographic events reduced the fraction of continental northern European ancestry while introducing further ancestry components into the English gene pool, including substantial southwestern European ancestry most closely related to that seen in Iron Age France^5,6.

SUBMITTER: Gretzinger J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9534755 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool.

Gretzinger Joscha J Sayer Duncan D Justeau Pierre P Altena Eveline E Pala Maria M Dulias Katharina K Edwards Ceiridwen J CJ Jodoin Susanne S Lacher Laura L Sabin Susanna S Vågene Åshild J ÅJ Haak Wolfgang W Ebenesersdóttir S Sunna SS Moore Kristjan H S KHS Radzeviciute Rita R Schmidt Kara K Brace Selina S Bager Martina Abenhus MA Patterson Nick N Papac Luka L Broomandkhoshbacht Nasreen N Callan Kimberly K Harney Éadaoin É Iliev Lora L Lawson Ann Marie AM Michel Megan M Stewardson Kristin K Zalzala Fatma F Rohland Nadin N Kappelhoff-Beckmann Stefanie S Both Frank F Winger Daniel D Neumann Daniel D Saalow Lars L Krabath Stefan S Beckett Sophie S Van Twest Melanie M Faulkner Neil N Read Chris C Barton Tabatha T Caruth Joanna J Hines John J Krause-Kyora Ben B Warnke Ursula U Schuenemann Verena J VJ Barnes Ian I Dahlström Hanna H Clausen Jane Jark JJ Richardson Andrew A Popescu Elizabeth E Dodwell Natasha N Ladd Stuart S Phillips Tom T Mortimer Richard R Sayer Faye F Swales Diana D Stewart Allison A Powlesland Dominic D Kenyon Robert R Ladle Lilian L Peek Christina C Grefen-Peters Silke S Ponce Paola P Daniels Robin R Spall Cecily C Woolcock Jennifer J Jones Andy M AM Roberts Amy V AV Symmons Robert R Rawden Anooshka C AC Cooper Alan A Bos Kirsten I KI Booth Tom T Schroeder Hannes H Thomas Mark G MG Helgason Agnar A Richards Martin B MB Reich David D Krause Johannes J Schiffels Stephan S

Nature 20220921 7930

The history of the British Isles and Ireland is characterized by multiple periods of major cultural change, including the influential transformation after the end of Roman rule, which precipitated shifts in language, settlement patterns and material culture<sup>1</sup>. The extent to which migration from continental Europe mediated these transitions is a matter of long-standing debate<sup>2-4</sup>. Here we study genome-wide ancient DNA from 460 medieval northwestern Europeans-including 278 indi ...[more]

PMID: 36131019

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Project description:BackgroundA growing number of countries are introducing some form of nurse prescribing. However, international reviews concerning nurse prescribing are scarce and lack a systematic and theoretical approach. The aim of this review was twofold: firstly, to gain insight into the scientific and professional literature describing the extent to and the ways in which nurse prescribing has been realised or is being introduced in Western European and Anglo-Saxon countries; secondly, to identify possible mechanisms underlying the introduction and organisation of nurse prescribing on the basis of Abbott's theory on the division of professional labor.MethodsA comprehensive search of six literature databases and seven websites was performed without any limitation as to date of publication, language or country. Additionally, experts in the field of nurse prescribing were consulted. A three stage inclusion process, consisting of initial sifting, more detailed selection and checking full-text publications, was performed independently by pairs of reviewers. Data were synthesized using narrative and tabular methods.ResultsOne hundred and twenty-four publications met the inclusion criteria. So far, seven Western European and Anglo-Saxon countries have implemented nurse prescribing of medicines, viz., Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden, the UK and the USA. The Netherlands and Spain are in the process of introducing nurse prescribing. A diversity of external and internal forces has led to the introduction of nurse prescribing internationally. The legal, educational and organizational conditions under which nurses prescribe medicines vary considerably between countries; from situations where nurses prescribe independently to situations in which prescribing by nurses is only allowed under strict conditions and supervision of physicians.ConclusionsDifferences between countries are reflected in the jurisdictional settlements between the nursing and medical professions concerning prescribing. In some countries, nurses share (full) jurisdiction with the medical profession, whereas in other countries nurses prescribe in a subordinate position. In most countries the jurisdiction over prescribing remains predominantly with the medical profession. There seems to be a mechanism linking the jurisdictional settlements between professions with the forces that led to the introduction of nurse prescribing. Forces focussing on efficiency appear to lead to more extensive prescribing rights.

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The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool.

Publications

The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool.

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