Dataset Information

Evaluation of Various Detection Strategies in the Assessment of Noncredible Memory Performance: Results of Two Experimental Studies.

ABSTRACT:

Objective

This article investigates the accuracy of individual and combined indicators based on different strategies for detecting noncredible performance as part of a new test for the continuous assessment of short-term memory.

Method

In two independent studies, we assessed three groups of simulators, cognitively impaired patients, and nonimpaired community members with four tasks separated by a distractor.

Results

Pairwise comparisons between receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves revealed significant differences between two clusters of indicators: mean recognition, inconsistent responses in recognition, and false positives (area under the ROC curves > .800) proved more accurate than delayed recall and false negatives (area under the ROC curves < .800) in discriminating simulators from patients. Likewise, both studies revealed that adding the false positives indicator based on cued recall to mean recognition incrementally improved classification accuracy (including sensitivity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value ) compared with the recognition indicator alone.

Conclusions

Our results support the association of two distinct indicators for the assessment of noncredible performance, of which one should be a forced-choice indicator.

SUBMITTER: Crisan I

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9597147 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Evaluation of Various Detection Strategies in the Assessment of Noncredible Memory Performance: Results of Two Experimental Studies.

Crişan Iulia I Sava Florin Alin FA Maricuţoiu Laurenţiu Paul LP Ciumăgeanu Mugur Daniel MD Axinia Otilia O Gîrniceanu Lucian L Ciotlăuş Laura L

Assessment 20210822 8

<h4>Objective</h4>This article investigates the accuracy of individual and combined indicators based on different strategies for detecting noncredible performance as part of a new test for the continuous assessment of short-term memory.<h4>Method</h4>In two independent studies, we assessed three groups of simulators, cognitively impaired patients, and nonimpaired community members with four tasks separated by a distractor.<h4>Results</h4>Pairwise comparisons between receiver operating characteri ...[more]

PMID: 34423686

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Project description:The Dichotic Digits test (DDT) has been widely used to assess central auditory processing but there is limited information on observed DDT performance in a general population. The purpose of the study was to determine factors related to DDT performance in a large cohort spanning the adult age range.The study was cross-sectional and subjects were participants in the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study (EHLS), a population-based investigation of age-related hearing loss, or the Beaver Dam Offspring Study (BOSS), a study of aging in the adult offspring of the EHLS members. Subjects seen during the 4th EHLS (2008 to 2010) or the 2nd BOSS (2010 to 2013) examination were included (N = 3655 participants [1391 EHLS, 2264 BOSS]; mean age = 61.1 years, range = 21 to 100 years). The free and right ear-directed recall DDTs were administered using 25 sets of triple-digit pairs with a 70 dB HL presentation level. Pure-tone audiometric testing was conducted and the pure-tone threshold average (PTA) at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4?kHz was categorized using the worse ear: no loss = PTA ? 25 dB HL; mild loss = 25 < PTA ? 40 dB HL; moderate or marked loss = PTA > 40 dB HL. Cognitive impairment was defined as a Mini-Mental State Examination score < 24 (maximum = 30) or a self- or proxy-reported history of dementia or Alzheimer's disease. Demographic information was self-reported. General linear models were fit and multiple linear regression was performed.The mean total free recall DDT score was 76.7% (range = 21.3 to 100%). Less than 10% of the participants had a total free recall score below 60% correct. The mean right ear-directed recall score was 98.4% with 69% of the participants scoring 100% and another 15.5% scoring 98.7% (1 incorrect digit). In multivariable modeling of the total free recall scores, the predicted mean free recall score was 1 percentage point lower for every 5-year increase in age, 2.3 percentage points lower in males than females, 8.7 percentage points lower in participants with less than a high school degree than in those with college degrees, 6.8 percentage points lower in participants with a moderate or marked hearing loss compared with no hearing loss, and 8.3 percentage points lower in participants with cognitive impairment compared with those without cognitive impairment. These 5 factors were independently and significantly related to performance and accounted for 22.7% of the total variability in free recall scores.Substantial variation in the total free recall DDT scores but very little variation in the right ear-directed recall DDT scores was observed. Age, sex, education, hearing loss severity, and cognitive impairment were found to be significantly related to DDT scores but explained less than 25% of the total variability in total free recall scores. The right ear-directed recall DDT by itself may not be of benefit in assessing central auditory processing in a general population because of its limited variability but further evaluation of factors potentially related to free recall DDT variability may prove useful.

Project description:BackgroundThe diagnostic performance of numerous clinical specimens to diagnose COVID-19 through RT-PCR techniques is very important, and the test result outcome is still unclear. This review aimed to analyze the diagnostic performance of clinical samples for COVID-19 detection by RT-PCR through a systematic literature review process.MethodologyA compressive literature search was performed in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library from inception to November 2022. A snowball search on Google, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and MedRxiv, as well as bibliographic research, was performed to identify any other relevant articles. Observational studies that assessed the clinical usefulness of the RT-PCR technique in different human samples for the detection or screening of COVID-19 among patients or patient samples were considered for this review. The primary outcomes considered were sensitivity and specificity, while parameters such as positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and kappa coefficient were considered secondary outcomes.ResultsA total of 85 studies out of 10,213 non-duplicate records were included for the systematic review, of which 69 articles were considered for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis indicated better pooled sensitivity with the nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) than saliva (91.06% vs. 76.70%) and was comparable with the combined NPS/oropharyngeal swab (OPS; 92%). Nevertheless, specificity was observed to be better with saliva (98.27%) than the combined NPS/OPS (98.08%) and NPS (95.57%). The other parameters were comparable among different samples. The respiratory samples and throat samples showed a promising result relative to other specimens. The sensitivity and specificity of samples such as nasopharyngeal swabs, saliva, combined nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal, respiratory, sputum, broncho aspirate, throat swab, gargle, serum, and the mixed sample were found to be 91.06%, 76.70%, 92.00%, 99.44%, 86%, 96%, 94.4%, 95.3%, 73.63%, and above 98; and 95.57%, 98.27%, 98.08%, 100%, 37%, 100%, 100%, 97.6%, and above 97, respectively.ConclusionsNPS was observed to have relatively better sensitivity, but not specificity when compared with other clinical specimens. Head-to-head comparisons between the different samples and the time of sample collection are warranted to strengthen this evidence.

Dataset Information

Evaluation of Various Detection Strategies in the Assessment of Noncredible Memory Performance: Results of Two Experimental Studies.

Objective

Method

Results

Conclusions

Publications

Evaluation of Various Detection Strategies in the Assessment of Noncredible Memory Performance: Results of Two Experimental Studies.

Similar Datasets

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