Dataset Information

Microbial Effectors: Key Determinants in Plant Health and Disease.

ABSTRACT: Effectors are small, secreted molecules that alter host cell structure and function, thereby facilitating infection or triggering a defense response. Effectoromics studies have focused on effectors in plant-pathogen interactions, where their contributions to virulence are determined in the plant host, i.e., whether the effector induces resistance or susceptibility to plant disease. Effector molecules from plant pathogenic microorganisms such as fungi, oomycetes and bacteria are major disease determinants. Interestingly, the effectors of non-pathogenic plant organisms such as endophytes display similar functions but have different outcomes for plant health. Endophyte effectors commonly aid in the establishment of mutualistic interactions with the plant and contribute to plant health through the induction of systemic resistance against pathogens, while pathogenic effectors mainly debilitate the plant's immune response, resulting in the establishment of disease. Effectors of plant pathogens as well as plant endophytes are tools to be considered in effectoromics for the development of novel strategies for disease management. This review aims to present effectors in their roles as promotors of health or disease for the plant host.

SUBMITTER: Todd JNA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9610748 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Microbial Effectors: Key Determinants in Plant Health and Disease.

Todd Jewel Nicole Anna JNA Carreón-Anguiano Karla Gisel KG Islas-Flores Ignacio I Canto-Canché Blondy B

Microorganisms 20221006 10

Effectors are small, secreted molecules that alter host cell structure and function, thereby facilitating infection or triggering a defense response. Effectoromics studies have focused on effectors in plant-pathogen interactions, where their contributions to virulence are determined in the plant host, i.e., whether the effector induces resistance or susceptibility to plant disease. Effector molecules from plant pathogenic microorganisms such as fungi, oomycetes and bacteria are major disease det ...[more]

PMID: 36296254

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Project description:Background: Diet has been linked to gut dysbiosis and the onset, course, and response to treatment of patients with IBD and metabolic disease. Methods: This single-centre prospective case-control study investigated the relationship between dietary intake, metabolic profile, and stool microbial composition in 57 individuals with IBD in clinical remission and 24 healthy individuals (HC). Participants' baseline anthropometric measurements, serum metabolic parameters, lipid profiles, and oral and stool samples for microbiota testing were collected. Their dietary intake and physical activity were documented. A partially corrected correlation was performed to examine the associations between variables and p-values adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg equation (adj-p). Results: In participants with IBD, the intake of saturated fat correlated positively, and the intake of dietary fibre correlated negatively with anthropometric indices (saturated fat and BMI: r = 0.37, adj-p = 0.04, fibre and BMI: r = -0.45, adj-p = 0.01). Higher anthropometric indices were associated with poorer glucose control and a less favourable serum lipid profile (BMI and insulin: r = 0.48, p < 0.01, WHR and triglycerides: r = 0.57, p < 0.01). The stool microbiota of participants in the IBD group was less diverse and more similar to their oral microbiota than was observed in the HC group (Mann-Whitney U test p = 0.03). Within the IBD group, a higher intake of added sugar and processed meat and a higher serum insulin level was associated with lower stool microbial alpha diversity (processed meat intake and Shannon's diversity: r = -0.43, adj-p = 0.02; added sugar and Shannon's diversity: r = -0.39, adj-p = 0.03; insulin and Shannon's diversity: r = -0.45, adj-p = 0.02). Neither the dietary intake nor stool microbial composition correlated with the risk of disease flaring. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that dietary intake is associated with the metabolic health and gut microbial composition of IBD patients.

Project description:Exserohilum turcicum (sexual stage Setosphaeria turcica) is the hemibiotrophic causal agent of northern leaf blight of maize and sorghum. This study aimed to identify the genes involved in host colonization during the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases of infection. It also aimed to identify race-specific differences in gene expression. RNAseq of maize seedlings inoculated with a race 13N or 23N E. turcicum isolate was conducted before inoculation and at 2, 5, 7, and 13 days post-inoculation (dpi). Biological replicates were pooled per time point for each race and sequenced. A bioinformatics pipeline was used to identify candidate effectors, and expression was validated for selected candidates. Fungal biomass was positively correlated with the percentages of E. turcicum reads mapped, which were low at early time points (2-7 dpi) with a significant increase at 13 dpi, indicating a lifestyle switch from biotrophy to necrotrophy between 7 and 13 dpi. AVRHt1 is the putative E. turcicum effector recognized by the maize resistance gene Ht1. Consistent with this, AVRHt1 was expressed in planta by race 23N, but transcripts were absent in race 13N. In addition, specific transposable elements were expressed in 23N only. Genes encoding the virulence-associated peptidases leupeptin-inhibiting protein 1 and fungalysin were expressed in planta. Transcriptional profiles of genes involved in secondary metabolite synthesis or cell wall degradation revealed the importance of these genes during late stages of infection (13 dpi). A total of 346 expressed candidate effectors were identified, including Ecp6 and proteins similar to the secreted in xylem (SIX) effectors common to formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum, SIX13 and SIX5. Expression profiling of Ecp6 and SIX13-like indicated a peak in expression at 5 and 7 dpi compared to 2 and 13 dpi. Sequencing of SIX13-like from diverse isolates of E. turcicum revealed host-specific polymorphisms that were mostly non-synonymous, resulting in two groups of SIX13-like proteins that corresponded to the maize or sorghum origin of each isolate. This study suggests putative mechanisms whereby E. turcicum causes disease. Identification of the candidate effector SIX13-like is consistent with the infection mode of E. turcicum through the xylem of susceptible hosts.

Dataset Information

Microbial Effectors: Key Determinants in Plant Health and Disease.

Publications

Microbial Effectors: Key Determinants in Plant Health and Disease.

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