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Saliva and Plasma Neutralizing Activity Induced by the Administration of a Third bnt162b2 Vaccine Dose.

ABSTRACT: The BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing activity (NA) in serum, but no data are available on whether a third-dose activates specific-immunity within the oral mucosa, representing the primary route of viral-entry. To carefully address this issue, we investigated if such immunity is boosted by SARS-CoV-2-infection; how long it is maintained over-time; and if it protects against the SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1 (EU) and the emerging Delta and Omicron variants. NA was measured in plasma and saliva samples from: uninfected SARS-CoV-2-Vaccinated (SV), subjects infected prior to vaccination (SIV), and subjects who were infected after the second (SIV2) or the third (SIV3) vaccine dose. Samples were collected immediately before (T0), 15 days (T1), and 90 days (T2) post third-dose administration (SV and SIV), or 15 days post-infection (SIV2 and SIV3). In all the enrolled groups, NA in plasma and saliva: (i) was higher against EU compared to the other variants at all time-points (SV: T0 and T1, EU vs. both Delta and Omicron p < 0.001; T2 p < 0.01) (SIV: T0, EU vs. Delta p < 0.05; EU vs. Omi p < 0.01; T1 and T2 EU vs. Delta p < 0.01; EU vs. Omi p < 0.001); (ii) was boosted by the administration of the third dose; iii) declined over-time, albeit being detectable in almost all subjects at T2. The monitoring of NA over time will be important in clarifying if different NA levels may influence either acquisition or course of infection to properly plan the timing of a fourth vaccine dose administration.

SUBMITTER: Garziano M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9693379 | biostudies-literature | 2022 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Saliva and Plasma Neutralizing Activity Induced by the Administration of a Third bnt162b2 Vaccine Dose.

Garziano Micaela M Utyro Olga O Strizzi Sergio S Vanetti Claudia C Saulle Irma I Conforti Chiara C Cicilano Federica F Ardizzone Francesco F Cappelletti Gioia G Clerici Mario M Limanaqi Fiona F Biasin Mara M

International journal of molecular sciences 20221118 22

The BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing activity (NA) in serum, but no data are available on whether a third-dose activates specific-immunity within the oral mucosa, representing the primary route of viral-entry. To carefully address this issue, we investigated if such immunity is boosted by SARS-CoV-2-infection; how long it is maintained over-time; and if it protects against the SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1 (EU) and the emerging Delta and Omicron variants. NA was measured in plasma and saliva sampl ...[more]

PMID: 36430815

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Project description:Background While evaluating COVID-19 vaccine responses using a rapid neutralizing antibody (NAb) test, we observed that 25% of mRNA vaccine recipients did not neutralize >50%. We termed this group “vaccine poor responders” (VPRs). The objective of this study was to determine if individuals who neutralized <50% would remain VPRs, or if a third dose would elicit high levels of NAbs. Methods 269 healthy individuals ranging in age from 19 to 80 (Average age = 51; 165 females and 104 males) who received either BNT162b2 (Pfizer) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines were evaluated. NAb levels were measured: (i) 2–4 weeks after a second vaccine dose, (ii) 2–4 months after the second dose, (iii) within 1–2 weeks prior to a third dose and (iv) 2–4 weeks after a third mRNA vaccine dose. Results Analysis of vaccine recipients reveals that 25% did not neutralize above 50% (Median neutralization = 21%, titers <1:80) within a month after their second dose. Twenty-three of these VPRs obtained a third dose of either BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccine 1–8 months (average = 5 months) after their second dose. Within a month after their third dose, VPRs show an average 5.4-fold increase in NAb levels (range: 46–99%). Conclusions The results suggest that VPRs are not permanently poor responders; they can generate high NAb levels with an additional vaccine dose. Although it is not known what levels of NAbs protect from infection or disease, those in high-risk professions may wish to keep peripheral NAb levels high, limiting infection, and potential transmission. Plain language summary Neutralizing antibodies are proteins used by the immune system to respond to viruses and other infectious agents. Vaccination against COVID-19 induces production of neutralizing antibodies that stop virus from infecting cells. We measured levels of neutralizing antibodies in a drop of blood after 2 doses of vaccines distributed by Pfizer and BioNTech or Moderna (COMIRNATY and Spikevax). Twenty-five percent of vaccine recipients did not make high levels of neutralizing antibodies. After receiving a third dose of vaccine, most of these vaccine recipients made high levels of neutralizing antibodies. Our data suggest a third dose is important for vaccine recipients that did not generate high neutralizing antibody levels after 2 doses of vaccine and thus might be an important component of a successful vaccination strategy. Lake, Roeder et al. measured neutralizing antibody responses after 2 and 3 doses of mRNA COVID vaccination. Recipients who did not generate strong neutralizing antibody responses after 2 vaccine doses were found to have high levels of neutralizing antibodies after a third vaccine dose.

Dataset Information

Saliva and Plasma Neutralizing Activity Induced by the Administration of a Third bnt162b2 Vaccine Dose.

Publications

Saliva and Plasma Neutralizing Activity Induced by the Administration of a Third bnt162b2 Vaccine Dose.

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