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Neocortical layer 4 in adult mouse differs in major cell types and circuit organization between primary sensory areas

ABSTRACT: Layer 4 (L4) of mammalian neocortex plays a crucial role in cortical information processing, yet a complete census of its cell types and connectivity remains elusive. Using whole-cell recordings with morphological recovery, we identified one major excitatory and seven inhibitory types of neurons in L4 of adult mouse visual cortex (V1). Nearly all excitatory neurons were pyramidal and all somatostatin-positive (SOM+) non-fast-spiking interneurons were Martinotti cells. In contrast, in somatosensory cortex (S1), excitatory neurons were mostly stellate and SOM+ interneurons were non-Martinotti. These morphologically distinct SOM+ interneurons corresponded to different transcriptomic cell types and were differentially integrated into the local circuit with only S1 neurons receiving local excitatory input. We propose that cell type specific circuit motifs, such as the Martinotti/pyramidal and non-Martinotti/stellate pairs, are used across the cortex as building blocks to assemble cortical circuits.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE134378 | GEO | 2019/08/06

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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A central extended amygdala circuit that modulates anxiety

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2018-05-31 | GSE113979 | GEO

Epigenomic Signatures of Neuronal Diversity in the Mammalian Brain

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Project description:The cerebral cortex is a cellularly-complex structure comprised of a rich diversity of neuronal and glial cell types. Cortical neurons can be broadly categorized into two classes—glutamatergic excitatory neurons and GABAergic inhibitory interneurons. Previous developmental studies in rodents have led to the prevailing model that while excitatory neurons are born from progenitors located in the cortex, cortical interneurons are born from a separate population of progenitors located outside of the developing cortex in the ganglionic eminences1-5. However, the developmental potential of human cortical progenitors has not been thoroughly explored. Here we show that in addition to excitatory neurons and glia, human cortical progenitors are also capable of producing GABAergic neurons with the transcriptional characteristics and morphologies of cortical interneurons. By developing a cellular barcoding tool called “ScRNAseq-compatible Tracer for Identifying Clonal Relationships” (STICR), we were able to perform clonal lineage tracing of 1912 primary human cortical progenitors from six specimens and capture both the transcriptional identities and clonal relationships of their resulting progeny. A subpopulation of cortically-born GABAergic neurons were transcriptionally similar to cortical interneurons born from the caudal ganglionic eminence and these cells were frequently related to excitatory neurons and glia. Thus, our results demonstrate that individual human cortical progenitors can generate both excitatory neurons and cortical interneurons, providing a new framework for understanding the origins of neuronal diversity in the human cortex.

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Landscape of ribosome-engaged alternative transcript isoforms across neuronal cell classes

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