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Interaction of adjuvants, sex, and the microbiome on SIV vaccine-induced immunity and protective efficacy in rhesus macaques

ABSTRACT: Mucosal priming of rhesus macaques with replicating Adenovirus SIV-recombinants and systemic boosting with ALVAC-SIV plus envelope protein or DNA encoding SIV genes plus envelope protein elicited strong immunologic responses in both compartments. Following repeated low-dose intrarectal SIV challenges, significant acquisition delay compared to adjuvant controls was not observed. However, delayed acquisition in both vaccine arms and adjuvant controls compared to naïve controls led to identification of transcriptomic signatures associated with protective innate immunity. Vaccinated females but not males exhibited significantly lower acute viremia compared to same-sex controls, confirming our previously reported sex-difference in SIV vaccine outcomes. The rectal microbiome of females and males responded differently to the prime-boost regimen and differentially associated with viremia control and systemic and mucosal humoral immunity. We conclude that the impact on protective efficacy of vaccine-induced microbiome alteration in males and females and trained immunity are factors of significant importance in vaccine outcome.

ORGANISM(S): Macaca mulatta

PROVIDER: GSE141341 | GEO | 2025/11/20

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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