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Transcriptiome dynamics of cyanopodovirus S-SBP1 and its host Synechococcus sp. WH7803

ABSTRACT: Whole-genome expression dynamics of cyanopodovirus P-SSP7 and its host Prochlorococcus strain MED4 have been reported. To investigate whether cyanopodoviruses infecting Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus have similar transcription strategy and host response to phage infection, genomic and transcriptomic analyses were conducted on cyanopodovirus S-SBP1 that infects Synechococcus strain WH7803. S-SBP1 has a latent period of 8 h and a burst size of 30 progeny phages per cell. S-SBP1 was most similar to cyanopodovirus S-RIP2 that also infects Synechococcus WH7803, in terms of whole genome phylogenetic relationship and average nucleotide identity (ANI). Three hypervariable genomic islands were found when comparing the genomes of S-SBP1 and S-RIP2, and single nucleotide variants (SNV) were observed on three genes of S-SBP1, which are located within the island regions. Based on RNA-seq analysis, genes of S-SBP1 were clustered into three temporal express classes, with gene content within each class similar to that of P-SSP7. Thirty-two host genes were upregulated during phage infection, including those involved in carbon metabolism, ribosome component and stress response. These upregulated genes were also similar to those of Prochlorococcus MED4 in response to infection by P-SSP7. Our study demonstrates a programmed temporal expression pattern of cyanopodoviruses and hosts during infection.

ORGANISM(S): Synechococcus phage S-SBP1 Synechococcus sp. WH 7803

PROVIDER: GSE150732 | GEO | 2020/12/07

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Cyanobacteria are highly abundant in the oceans where they are constantly exposed to lytic viruses. Some viruses are restricted to a narrow host range while others infect a broad range of hosts. It is currently unknown whether broad-host range phages employ the same infection program, or regulate their program in a host-specific manner to accommodate for the different genetic makeup and defense systems of each host. Here we used a combination of microarray and RNA-seq analyses to investigate the interaction of three phylogentically distinct Synechococcus strains, WH7803, WH8102, and WH8109, with the broad-host range T4-like myovirus, Syn9, during infection. Strikingly, we found that the phage led a nearly identical expression program in the three hosts despite considerable differences in host gene content. On the other hand, host responses to infection involved mainly host-specific genes, suggesting variable attempts at defense against infection. A large number of responsive host genes were located in hypervariable genomic islands, substantiating genomic islands as a major axis of phage-bacteria interactions in cyanobacteria. Furthermore, transcriptome analyses and experimental determination of the complete phage promoter map revealed three temporally regulated modules and not two as previously thought for cyanophages. In contrast to T4, an extensive, previously unknown regulatory motif drives expression of early genes and host-like promoters drive middle-gene expression. These promoters are highly conserved among cyanophages and host-like middle promoters extend to other T4-like phages, indicating that the well-known mode of regulation in T4 is not the rule among the broad family of T4-like phages. We investigated the infection process and transcriptional program of the P-TIM40 cyanophage during infection of a Prochlorococcus NATL2A host. The results are discussed in conjunction with results obtained from the infection process for the Syn9 cyanophage in three different Synechococcus hosts: WH7803 (Dufresne et al. 2008), WH8102 (Palenik et al. 2003) and WH8109 (sequenced as part of this study).

Project description:We used microarray analysis to investigate whole genome transcriptome dynamics of the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus sp. strain MED4 and the T7-like podovirus P-SSP7 over a time course during the 8 hour latent period of lytic infection prior to cell lysis. Manuscript Summary: Interactions between bacterial hosts and their viruses (phages) lead to reciprocal genome evolution through a dynamic co-evolutionary process1-5. Phage-mediated transfer of host genes – often located in genome islands – has had a major impact on microbial evolution1, 4, 6. Furthermore, phage genomes have clearly been shaped by the acquisition of genes from their hosts2, 3, 5. Here we investigate whole-genome expression of a host and phage, the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus and a T7-like cyanophage during lytic infection, to gain insight into these co-evolutionary processes. While most of the phage genome was linearly transcribed over the course of infection, 4 phage-encoded bacterial metabolism genes were part of the same expression cluster, even though they are physically separated on the genome. These genes — encoding photosystem II D1 (psbA), high-light inducible protein (hli), transaldolase (talC) and ribonucleotide reductase (nrd) — are transcribed together with phage DNA replication genes and appear to make up a functional unit involved in energy and deoxynucleotide production needed for phage replication in resource-poor oceans. Also unique to this system was the upregulation of numerous genes in the host during infection. These may be host stress response genes, and/or genes induced by the phage. Many of these host genes are located in genome islands and have homologues in cyanophage genomes. We hypothesize that phage have evolved to utilize upregulated host genes, leading to their stable incorporation into phage genomes and their subsequent transfer back to hosts in genome islands. Thus activation of host genes during infection may be directing the co-evolution of gene content in both host and phage genomes. Keywords: time course, viral infection, marine cyanobacteria, podovirus, bacteriophage, stress response

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Transcriptiome dynamics of cyanopodovirus S-SBP1 and its host Synechococcus sp. WH7803

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