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Genome-wide distribution of H3K4me3 in Medicago truncatula wild type R108 and Mting2-1 mutant.

ABSTRACT: Medicago truncatula (Medicago) flowering is promoted by winter cold (vernalization) followed by long day photoperiods (VLD). By analysing a Tnt1 insertion mutant and 17 CRISPR-Cas9 gene-edited lines with delayed flowering, we identified INHIBITOR OF GROWTH (ING) 2 (MtING2) encoding a plant homeodomain (PHD) zinc finger and predicted H3K4me2/3 epigenome reader in Medicago. There are two ING genes in most plants, but their physiological role has not been described. Mting2 mutants had many developmental abnormalities including delayed flowering particularly in VLD, compact architecture, abnormal leaves with extra leaflets but no trichomes and smaller seeds and seed barrels. RNA-Seq experiments indicated that >7000 genes are mis-expressed in the Mting2 mutant consistent with its strong mutant phenotypes. Mting2 did not show reduced accumulation of the strong floral promoter FLOWERING LOCUS T-LIKE gene, MtFTa1, but did have increased expression of MtTFL1c, consistent with the delayed flowering of the mutant. ChIP-Seq analysis identified >5000 novel H3K4me3 locations in the genome of Mting2-1 mutant compared to wild type, which overlapped with some differentially expressed genes. Overall, our study has uncovered an important physiological role of a plant ING gene in development, flowering and gene expression, which likely involves an epigenetic mechanism.

ORGANISM(S): Medicago truncatula

PROVIDER: GSE189617 | GEO | 2022/11/10

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Optimised flowering time is an important trait ensuring successful plant adaptation and crop productivity. SOC1-like genes encode MADS transcription factors known to play important roles in flowering control in many plants. This includes the best characterised eudicot model Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) where SOC1 promotes flowering and functions as a floral integrator gene integrating signals from different flowering time regulatory pathways. Medicago truncatula (Medicago) is a temperate reference legume with strong genomic and genetic resources used to study flowering pathways in legumes. Interestingly, despite responding to the similar floral-inductive cues of extended cold (vernalisation) followed by warm long days, as winter annual Arabidopsis, Medicago lacks FLC and CO which are key regulators of flowering in Arabidopsis. Unlike Arabidopsis with one SOC1 gene, multiple gene duplication events have given rise to three MtSOC1 paralogs within the Medicago genus in legumes; one Fabaceae group A SOC1 gene, MtSOC1a, and two tandemly-repeated Fabaceae group B SOC1 genes, MtSOC1b and MtSOC1c. Previously, we showed that MtSOC1a has unique functions in floral promotion in Medicago. The Mtsoc1a Tnt1 retroelement insertion single mutant showed moderately delayed flowering in long and short day photoperiods, with and without prior vernalization, compared with wild type. On the other hand, Mtsoc1b Tnt1 single mutants did not have altered flowering time or flower development, indicating that it was redundant in an otherwise wild type background. Here, we describe the generation of Mtsoc1 triple mutant plants by CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. Two independent Mtsoc1 homozygous triple mutants were non-flowering and bushy in floral inductive VLD. Phenotyping and gene expression analyses by RNA-seq and RT-qPCR indicate that the Mtsoc1 triple mutants remain vegetative. Thus overall, the Mtsoc1 triple mutants are dramatically different from the single Mtsoc1a mutant and the Arabidopsis soc1 mutant; implicating multiple MtSOC1 genes in critical overlapping roles in the transition to flowering in Medicago.

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Genome-wide distribution of H3K4me3 in Medicago truncatula wild type R108 and Mting2-1 mutant.

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