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Neuronal Acetylcholine Couples Gonadal Gap Junction/Notch Signaling Axis to Gut Defense

ABSTRACT: Gap junctions mediate intercellular communications across cellular networks in the nervous and the immune systems, while the role in the intestinal innate immunity is poorly understood. Here, we identified that an innexin gene inx-14 encoding one of heterotypic and heteromeric gap junction subunits acts in the gonad to attenuate the intestinal defense through PMK-1/p38 pathway. The RNA-seq analyses revealed that GLP-1/Notch signaling was downregulated, while lysosome, and PMK-1/p38 MAPK signalings were upregulated by the germline-specific inx-14 RNAi in C. elegans. Loss function of either inx-14, or glp-1 exhibited enhanced resistance to PA14 infection and upregulated lysosome and PMK-1/p38 signalings. Additionally, inx-14 knockdown by germline specific RNAi upregulated muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) genes gar-1/gar-2/gar-3. We further revealed that acetylcholine mAChR GAR-2/GAR-3 signaling functions in the intestine and downstream of lysosome signaling but upstream of PMK-1/p38 pathway to facilitate the intestinal defense. Our findings reveal a novel role for gonadal gap junction/INX-14 in host intestinal defense against pathogens and expand our understanding the functions of reproductive system in the host intestinal defense.

ORGANISM(S): Caenorhabditis elegans

PROVIDER: GSE216879 | GEO | 2023/11/01

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Intracellular signaling regulators can be concentrated into membrane-free, higher-ordered protein assemblies to initiate protective responses during stress — a process known as phase transition. Here, we show that a phase transition of the Caenorhabditis elegans Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain protein (TIR-1), an NAD+ glycohydrolase homologous to mammalian sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing 1 (SARM1), underlies p38 PMK-1 immune pathway activation in C. elegans intestinal epithelial cells. Through visualization of fluorescently labeled TIR-1/SARM1 protein, we demonstrate for the first time that physiologic stresses, both pathogen and non-pathogen, induce multimerization of TIR-1/SARM1 into visible puncta within intestinal epithelial cells. In vitro enzyme kinetic analyses revealed that, like mammalian SARM1, the NAD+ glycohydrolase activity of C. elegans TIR-1 is dramatically potentiated by protein oligomerization and a phase transition. Accordingly, C. elegans with genetic mutations that specifically block either multimerization or the NAD+ glycohydrolase activity of TIR-1/SARM1 fail to induce p38 PMK phosphorylation, are unable to increase immune effector expression, and are dramatically susceptible to bacterial infection. Finally, we demonstrate that low cholesterol stress causes TIR-1/SARM1 to oligomerize into puncta in intestinal epithelial cells and engages its NAD+ glycohydrolase activity, which increases p38 PMK-1 phosphorylation, and primes immune effector induction in a manner that leads to reduced pathogen accumulation in the intestine during a subsequent infection. These data reveal a new adaptive response that allows a metazoan host to anticipate pathogen threats during micronutrient deprivation, a time of relative susceptibility to infection. Thus, a phase transition of TIR-1/SARM1 as a prerequisite for its NAD+ glycohydrolase activity is strongly conserved across millions of years of evolution and is essential for diverse physiological processes in multiple cell types.

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Neuronal Acetylcholine Couples Gonadal Gap Junction/Notch Signaling Axis to Gut Defense

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