Human iPSC can be differentiated in vitro to articular cartilage or to osteogenic organoids via the endochondral ossification transdifferentiation pathway
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens
PROVIDER: GSE219215 | GEO | 2023/05/02
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Background: Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) give rise to chondrogenic activity in culture. Such activity was found in mesodermal and neural crest like progeny of hPSCs, and readily expanded as SOX9+ msenchymal cells in a medium containing FGF2. However, once expanded, the type of chondrocytes they perfer to form is growth plate-ike transient chondrocytes that are destined to form bone. However, we have recently developed a method to generate GDF5+ mesenchymal cells from such SOX9+ cells which ehibit activity to preferentially form articular-like permanent chondrocytes. The aim of the present prospective follow-up study was to reveal the cell-type and developmental origin of the GDF5+ cells as well as the SOX9+ cells. Methods: Paraxial mesoderm was generated from human PSCs, purified by FACS, and expanded to generate SOX9+ chondroprogenitors. Then, the SOX9+ cells were further differentiated into joint progenitor-like GDF5+ chondroprogenitors. These two chondroprogenitors were subjcted to bulk RNA-seq. Results: Based on the transcriptomic data, we examined differentially expressed genes, cell-type deconvolution analysis, and cell-type correlation analysis. The results suggested that GDF5+ cells might contain a teno/ligamento-genic potential (e.g., SCX+ cells), while SOX9+ cells were related to (neural crest-derived) ectomesenchymal chondroprogenitors. The followup biological analyses indicated as follows. The fast-growing SOX9+ cells formed cartilage that expressed chondrocyte hypertrophy markers and was readily mineralized after ectopic transplantation. In contrast, the slowly-growing GDF5+ cells were derived from SOX9+ cells. They formed cartilage that tended to express low to no chondrocyte hypertrophy markers, while expressing PRG4, a marker of embryonic articular chondrocytes, and to remain largely unmineralized in vivo. Conclusions: Our results imply that GDF5+ cells specified to generate permanent-like cartilage are likely to emerge in association with the commitment of SOX9+ cells to the tendon/ligament lineage.
2022-02-02 | GSE145048 | GEO
Project description:The transcriptional regulator Runx2 has essential roles in chondrocytes and osteoblasts, central to the coordinated development of cartilage and bone. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying Runx2’s roles in skeletal programming are not well understood. Here, we performed an integrative analysis of Runx2–DNA binding and chromatin accessibility in vivo and identified cell type-distinct chromatin accessibility underlying Runx2 roles in osteoblasts and chondrocytes.
2022-09-06 | GSE178291 | GEO
Project description:The transcriptional regulator Runx2 has essential roles in chondrocytes and osteoblasts, central to the coordinated development of cartilage and bone. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying Runx2’s roles in skeletal programming are not well understood. Here, we performed an integrative analysis of Runx2–DNA binding and chromatin accessibility in vivo and identified cell type-distinct chromatin accessibility underlying Runx2 roles in osteoblasts and chondrocytes.
2022-09-06 | GSE178288 | GEO
Project description:Runx2 and Axin2 regulate skeletal development. We recently determined that Axin2 and Runx2 molecularly interact in differentiating osteoblasts to regulate intramembranous bone formation, but the relationship between these factors in endochondral bone formation was unresolved. To address this, we examined the effects of Axin2 deficiency on the cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) phenotype of Runx2+/- mice, focusing on skeletal defects attributed to improper endochondral bone formation. Axin2 deficiency unexpectedly exacerbated calvarial components of the CCD phenotype in the Runx2+/- mice; the endocranial layer of the frontal suture, which develops by endochondral bone formation, failed to mineralize in the Axin2-/-:Runx2+/-mice, resulting in a cartilaginous, fibrotic and larger fontanel than observed in Runx2+/- mice. Transcripts associated with cartilage development (e.g., Acan, miR140) were expressed at higher levels, whereas blood vessel morphogenesis transcripts (e.g., Slit2) were suppressed in Axin2-/-:Runx2+/-calvaria. Cartilage maturation was impaired, as primary chondrocytes from double mutant mice demonstrated delayed differentiation and produced less calcified matrix in vitro. The genetic dominance of Runx2 was also reflected during endochondral fracture repair, as both Runx2+/- and double mutant Axin2-/-:Runx2+/- mice had enlarged fracture calluses at early stages of healing. However, by the end stages of fracture healing, double mutant animals diverged from the Runx2+/- mice, showing smaller calluses and increased torsional strength indicative of more rapid end stage bone formation as seen in the Axin2-/- mice. Taken together, our data demonstrate a dominant role for Runx2 in chondrocyte maturation, but implicate Axin2 as an important modulator of the terminal stages of endochondral bone formation. 4 mice per genotype X 4 genotypes: wildtype (WT), Runx2+/- (R-Het), Axin2-/- (A-KO), Axin2-/-:Runx2+/- (A-KO:R-Het). Total = 16 samples
2014-07-04 | E-GEOD-59079 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Schittler2010 - Cell fate of progenitor cells, osteoblasts or chondrocytes
Mathematical model describing the mechanism of differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to bone (osteoblasts) or cartilage (chondrocytes) cells.
This model is described in the article:
Cell differentiation modeled via a coupled two-switch regulatory network.
Schittler D, Hasenauer J, Allgöwer F, Waldherr S.
Chaos 2010 Dec; 20(4): 045121
Abstract:
Mesenchymal stem cells can give rise to bone and other tissue cells, but their differentiation still escapes full control. In this paper we address this issue by mathematical modeling. We present a model for a genetic switch determining the cell fate of progenitor cells which can differentiate into osteoblasts (bone cells) or chondrocytes (cartilage cells). The model consists of two switch mechanisms and reproduces the experimentally observed three stable equilibrium states: a progenitor, an osteogenic, and a chondrogenic state. Conventionally, the loss of an intermediate (progenitor) state and the entailed attraction to one of two opposite (differentiated) states is modeled as a result of changing parameters. In our model in contrast, we achieve this by distributing the differentiation process to two functional switch parts acting in concert: one triggering differentiation and the other determining cell fate. Via stability and bifurcation analysis, we investigate the effects of biochemical stimuli associated with different system inputs. We employ our model to generate differentiation scenarios on the single cell as well as on the cell population level. The single cell scenarios allow to reconstruct the switching upon extrinsic signals, whereas the cell population scenarios provide a framework to identify the impact of intrinsic properties and the limiting factors for successful differentiation.
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2013-11-19 | BIOMD0000000493 | BioModels
Project description:Runx2 and Axin2 regulate skeletal development. We recently determined that Axin2 and Runx2 molecularly interact in differentiating osteoblasts to regulate intramembranous bone formation, but the relationship between these factors in endochondral bone formation was unresolved. To address this, we examined the effects of Axin2 deficiency on the cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) phenotype of Runx2+/-M-BM- mice, focusing on skeletal defects attributed to improper endochondral bone formation. Axin2 deficiency unexpectedly exacerbated calvarial components of the CCD phenotype in the Runx2+/-M-BM- mice; the endocranial layer of the frontal suture, which develops by endochondral bone formation, failed to mineralize in the Axin2-/-:Runx2+/-mice, resulting in a cartilaginous, fibrotic and larger fontanel than observed in Runx2+/-M-BM- mice. Transcripts associated with cartilage development (e.g., Acan, miR140) were expressed at higher levels, whereas blood vessel morphogenesis transcripts (e.g., Slit2) were suppressed in Axin2-/-:Runx2+/-calvaria. Cartilage maturation was impaired, as primary chondrocytes from double mutant mice demonstrated delayed differentiation and produced less calcified matrix in vitro. The genetic dominance of Runx2 was also reflected during endochondral fracture repair, as both Runx2+/-M-BM- and double mutant Axin2-/-:Runx2+/-M-BM- mice had enlarged fracture calluses at early stages of healing. However, by the end stages of fracture healing, double mutant animals diverged from the Runx2+/-M-BM- mice, showing smaller calluses and increased torsional strength indicative of more rapid end stage bone formation as seen in the Axin2-/-M-BM- mice. Taken together, our data demonstrate a dominant role for Runx2 in chondrocyte maturation, but implicate Axin2 as an important modulator of the terminal stages of endochondral bone formation. 4 mice per genotype X 4 genotypes: wildtype (WT), Runx2+/- (R-Het), Axin2-/- (A-KO), Axin2-/-:Runx2+/- (A-KO:R-Het). Total = 16 samples
2014-07-04 | E-GEOD-59081 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:In order to better understand the mechanisms of chondrocyte hypertrophy, we induced hypertrophic chondrocytes from 414C2 iPSCs and analyzed their gene expression profile. This dataset includes the expression data obtained from iPSC-derived sclerotome and cartilage on days -1, 28, and 56 of induction. Day 56 samples were compared to day 28 samples to analyze pathways involved in chondrocyte hypertrophy.
2021-02-24 | GSE157955 | GEO
Project description:Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease and this is a major cause of joint pain and disability in the aging population. Its etiology is multifactorial (i.e., age, obesity, joint injury, genetic predisposition), and the pathophysiologic process affects the entirety of the joint (Martel-Pelletier J et al. Osteoarthritis. Nature reviews Disease primers. 2016;2:16072). Although it is not yet clear if it precedes or occurs subsequently to cartilage damage, subchondral bone sclerosis is an important feature in OA pathophysiology (Goldring SR et al. Changes in the osteochondral unit during osteoarthritis: structure, function and cartilage-bone crosstalk. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2016;12:632-44). It is characterized by local bone resorption and the accumulation of weakly mineralized osteoid substance (Bailey AJ et al. Phenotypic expression of osteoblast collagen in osteoarthritic bone: production of type I homotrimer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2002;34:176-82). Subchondral bone sclerosis is suspected to be linked to cartilage degradation, not only by modifying the mechanical stresses transmitted to the cartilage, but also by releasing biochemical factors with an activity on cartilage metabolism (Sanchez C et al. Osteoblasts from the sclerotic subchondral bone downregulate aggrecan but upregulate metalloproteinases expression by chondrocytes. This effect is mimicked by interleukin-6, -1beta and oncostatin M pre-treated non-sclerotic osteoblasts. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005;13:979-87; Sanchez C et al. Subchondral bone osteoblasts induce phenotypic changes in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005;13:988-97; Westacott CI et al J. Alteration of cartilage metabolism by cells from osteoarthritic bone. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:1282-91. We have previously demonstrated that osteoblasts isolated from subchondral OA bone exhibited an altered phenotype. More precisely, we showed that osteoblasts coming from the thickening (called sclerotic, SC) of subchondral bone located just below a cartilage lesion produced higher levels of alkaline phosphatase, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, prostaglandinE2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and transforming growth factor(TGF)-β1 and type I collagen than osteoblasts coming from the non-thickening neighboring area (called non-sclerotic area, NSC) (Sanchez C et al. Phenotypic characterization of osteoblasts from the sclerotic zones of osteoarthritic subchondral bone. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:442-55; Sanchez C et al. Regulation of subchondral bone osteoblast metabolism by cyclic compression. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:1193-203.) To compare secretome of cells living in different in vivo conditions is useful, not only to better understand the pathological mechanisms underlying changes in OA subchondral bone, but also to identify soluble biomarkers potentially reflecting these changes. Using our well-characterised human subchondral osteoblast culture model, we compared the secretome of osteoblasts coming from sclerotic and non sclerotic OA subchondral bone. This approach allowed to identify changes in secretome that contribute to explain some subchondral bone abnormalities in OA and to propose osteomodulin and fibulin-3 as potential biomarkers of OA subchondral bone remodelling.
2018-03-20 | PXD008494 | Pride
Project description:We investigated the molecular mechanisms that regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of chondroprogenitors by comparing the transcriptome profiles between resting chondrocytes and proliferative chondrocytes
2023-04-26 | GSE192840 | GEO
Project description:Runx2 and Axin2 regulate skeletal development. We recently determined that Axin2 and Runx2 molecularly interact in differentiating osteoblasts to regulate intramembranous bone formation, but the relationship between these factors in endochondral bone formation was unresolved. To address this, we examined the effects of Axin2 deficiency on the cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) phenotype of Runx2+/- mice, focusing on skeletal defects attributed to improper endochondral bone formation. Axin2 deficiency unexpectedly exacerbated calvarial components of the CCD phenotype in the Runx2+/- mice; the endocranial layer of the frontal suture, which develops by endochondral bone formation, failed to mineralize in the Axin2-/-:Runx2+/-mice, resulting in a cartilaginous, fibrotic and larger fontanel than observed in Runx2+/- mice. Transcripts associated with cartilage development (e.g., Acan, miR140) were expressed at higher levels, whereas blood vessel morphogenesis transcripts (e.g., Slit2) were suppressed in Axin2-/-:Runx2+/-calvaria. Cartilage maturation was impaired, as primary chondrocytes from double mutant mice demonstrated delayed differentiation and produced less calcified matrix in vitro. The genetic dominance of Runx2 was also reflected during endochondral fracture repair, as both Runx2+/- and double mutant Axin2-/-:Runx2+/- mice had enlarged fracture calluses at early stages of healing. However, by the end stages of fracture healing, double mutant animals diverged from the Runx2+/- mice, showing smaller calluses and increased torsional strength indicative of more rapid end stage bone formation as seen in the Axin2-/- mice. Taken together, our data demonstrate a dominant role for Runx2 in chondrocyte maturation, but implicate Axin2 as an important modulator of the terminal stages of endochondral bone formation.
2014-07-04 | GSE59081 | GEO