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The C-Terminal Domain of RNA Polymerase II is Modified by Site-Specific Methylation

ABSTRACT: The Carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) in mammals undergoes extensive post-translational modification, which is essential for transcriptional initiation and elongation. Here, we show that the CTD of RNAPII is methylated at a single arginine (R1810) by the transcriptional co-activator CARM1. Although methylation at R1810 is present on the hyper-phosphorylated form of RNAPII in vivo, Ser-2 or Ser-5 phosphorylation inhibit CARM1 activity towards this site in vitro, suggesting that methylation occurs before transcription initiation. Mutation of R1810 results in the mis-expression of a variety of snRNAs and snoRNAs, an effect that is also observed in Carm1-/- MEFs. These results demonstrate that CTD methylation facilitates the expression of select RNAs, perhaps serving to discriminate the RNAPII-associated machinery recruited to distinct gene types.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE27315 | GEO | 2011/04/01

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA137181

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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The C-Terminal Domain of RNA Polymerase II is Modified by Site-Specific Methylation

Project description:The Carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) in mammals undergoes extensive post-translational modification, which is essential for transcriptional initiation and elongation. Here, we show that the CTD of RNAPII is methylated at a single arginine (R1810) by the transcriptional co-activator CARM1. Although methylation at R1810 is present on the hyper-phosphorylated form of RNAPII in vivo, Ser-2 or Ser-5 phosphorylation inhibit CARM1 activity towards this site in vitro, suggesting that methylation occurs before transcription initiation. Mutation of R1810 results in the mis-expression of a variety of snRNAs and snoRNAs, an effect that is also observed in Carm1-/- MEFs. These results demonstrate that CTD methylation facilitates the expression of select RNAs, perhaps serving to discriminate the RNAPII-associated machinery recruited to distinct gene types. To address the function of RNAPII methylation, we generated Raji cell lines expressing an RNA Polymerase II resistant to Î±-amanitin and carrying either wild-type R1810 or an arginine to alanine substitution at that same residue, abolishing R1810 methylation of the CTD. In cells cultured in Î±-amanitin, the Î±-amanitin-resistant mutants fully replaced the functions of endogenous RNAPII, allowing us to study if gene-expression is affected by the absence of R1810me

2011-04-01 | E-GEOD-27315 | biostudies-arrayexpress

The Ess1 prolyl isomerase is required for the transcription termination of small non-coding RNAs via Nrd1 pathway

Project description:Genome-wide studies have identified abundant small, non-coding RNAs including snRNAs, snoRNAs, cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs), and upstream regulatory RNAs (uRNAs) that are transcribed by RNA polymerase II (pol II) and terminated by a Nrd1-dependent pathway. Here, we show that the prolyl isomerase, Ess1, is required for Nrd1-dependent termination of ncRNAs. Ess1 binds the carboxy terminal domain (CTD) of pol II and is thought to regulate transcription by conformational isomerization of Ser-Pro bonds within the CTD. In ess1 mutants, expression of ~10% of the genome was altered, due primarily to defects in termination of snoRNAs, CUTs, SUTs and uRNAs. Ess1 promoted dephosphorylation of Ser5 (but not Ser2) within the CTD, most likely by the Ssu72 phosphatase, and we provide evidence for a competition between Nrd1 and Pcf11 for CTD-binding that is regulated by Ess1-dependent isomerization. This is the first example of a prolyl isomerase required for interpreting the “CTD code.”

2009-10-16 | GSE17638 | GEO

Early effects of cdkf;1 RNAPII CTD Serine-7 kinase mutation on regulation of transcription in 7 days old Arabidopsis seedlings

2011-09-01 | GSE27687 | GEO

Early effects of cdkf;1 RNAPII CTD Serine-7 kinase mutation on regulation of transcription in 7 days old Arabidopsis seedlings

Project description:Serine phosphorylation of conserved Y1S2P3T4S5P6S7 repeats of RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain (RNAPII CTD) plays a central role in the regulation of transcription and co-transcriptional RNA processing. Maintenance of CTD phosphoserine-7 mark in Arabidopsis requires the CDKF;1 kinase, which mediates in vivo activation of downstream-acting CDKD CTD kinase family. Knockout mutations of CDKF;1 lead to over 50% reduction of RNAPII CTD Ser-7 phosphorylation as early as 7 days after germination in seedlings. The transcript profiling experiment aimed at determining how early changes in CTD Ser-7 phosphorylation affect global regulation of transcription. We used Affymetrix ATH1-121501 Genome Array to compare global transcript levels in wild type and cdkf;1-2 mutant seedlings 7 days after germination. Wild type and cdkf;1-2 mutant Arabidopsis (Col-0) seedlings were grown in solid MSAR medium (Koncz, C., Martini, N., Szabados, L., Hrouda, M., Bachmair, A., and Schell, J. (1994). Specialized vectors for gene tagging and expression studies. In: Plant Molecular Biology Manual, Gelvin,S., and Schilperoort, B. (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston-London, B2, 1-22.) containing ½ concentration of macro elements and 0.5% sucrose in Petri-dishes at 22°C, 120 mol/m2s light intensity and 8h light/16h dark period. Seedling were collected at 4h after the start of the light period in liquid nitrogen for RNA preparation.

2011-08-31 | E-GEOD-27687 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Super-enhancer-associated oncogenes as novel therapeutic targets in osteosarcoma (Microarray gene expression data)

Project description:CDK7 is a component of the general transcription factor IIH, which regulates RNAPII initiation and elongation.THZ2, a new molecular inhibitor, can completely inhibit the phosphorylation of the established intracellular CDK7 substrate RNAPII CTD at Ser-2, -5 and -7 through irreversible covalent binding to CDK7. Gene expression profiling was then performed to investigate the THZ2-induced transcription effect, and search the subset of sensitive genes in these 2 osteosarcoma cell lines.

2019-12-27 | GSE134603 | GEO

Expression profiling of rpb1-12XWTCTD and rpb1-12XS2ACTD fission yeast strains.

Project description:In fission yeast, the nuclear-localized Lsk1p-Lsc1p-Lsg1p cyclin dependent kinase complex is required for the reliable execution of cytokinesis and is also required for Ser-2 phosphorylation RNA pol II carboxy terminal domain. To address whether alterations in CTD phosphorylation might selectively alter expression of cytokinesis genes, expression profiling of site-directed CTD mutants was performed.

2011-09-01 | GSE31369 | GEO

Distribution of RNA polymerase II and changes of carbo-terminal phosphorylation sites after INTS11 knockdown

Project description:As Integrator is tightly associated with RNAPII-CTD, it is critical to understand how the RNAPII engaged and conducted within the active gene promoter for divergent transcription. We thus employed RNAPII ChIP-seq (Chromatin Immuno-precipitation with RNAPII antibody) to determine the distribution of the total RNAPII and its phosphorylation isoforms. Total RNA polymerase II and its carbon terminal phosphorylation(RNA polymerase II-ctd-Tyr-1，RNA polymerase II-ctd-ser-2) before and after INTS11 knockdown in HCT116-INTS11-AID cells changes chromatin immunoprecipitation DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq).

2023-07-25 | GSE207269 | GEO

Expanding the CTD code: methylation of non-consensus Lysine residues marks early transcription in mammalian cells

Project description:Dynamic post-translational modification of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) coordinates the co-transcriptional recruitment of enzymatic complexes that regulate chromatin states and co-transcriptional processing of nascent RNA. Extensive phosphorylation of serine residues occurs at the structurally-disordered C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest RNAPII subunit, which is composed of multiple heptapeptide repeats with consensus sequence Y1-S2-P3-T4-S5-P6-S7. Serine-5 and Serine-7 phosphorylation mark transcription initiation, whereas Serine-2 phosphorylation coincides with productive elongation. In vertebrates, the CTD has eight non-canonical substitutions of Serine-7 into Lysine-7, which can be acetylated (K7ac). Here, we describe for the first time mono- and di-methylation of CTD Lysine-7 residues (K7me1 and K7me2). K7me1 and K7me2 are observed during the earliest transcription stages and precede or accompany Serine-5 and Serine-7 phosphorylation. Genome wide mapping of 2 novel RNAPII post-translational modifications (CTD-K7me1 and CTD-K7me2) in mouse ES cells.

2015-12-22 | E-GEOD-72876 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Rapid Genome-wide Recruitment of RNA Polymerase II Drives Transcription, Splicing and Translation Events during T Cell Responses

Project description:Activation of immune cells results in rapid functional changes, but how such fast changes are accomplished remains enigmatic. By combining time-courses of 4sU-Seq, RNA-Seq, ribosome profiling and RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) ChIP-Seq during T cell activation, we illustrate genome-wide temporal dynamics for ~10,000 genes. This approach reveals immediate-early as well as posttranscriptionally-regulated genes, but also coupled changes in transcription and translation for >90% of genes. Recruitment, rather than release of paused RNAPII, primarily mediates transcriptional changes. This coincides with a genome-wide temporary slowdown in cotranscriptional splicing, even for polyadenylated mRNAs that are localized at the chromatin. Subsequent splicing optimization correlates with increasing Ser-2 phosphorylation of the RNAPII carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) and activation of the positive transcription elongation factor complex (pTEFb). Thus, rapid de novo recruitment of RNAPII dictates the course of events during T cell activation, in particular transcription, splicing and consequently translation.

2017-03-31 | GSE83351 | GEO

Chromatin-wide profiling of the protein kinase DYRK1A reveals a role as a transcriptional activator of cell growth related genes

Project description:DYRK1A is a dosage-sensitive protein kinase that fulfills key roles during development and in tissue homeostasis, and its dysregulation results in human pathologies. DYRK1A is present in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of mammalian cells, although its nuclear function remains unclear. Genome-wide analysis of DYRK1A-associated loci reveals that the kinase is recruited preferentially to promoters of genes actively transcribed by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), which are functionally associated with translation, RNA processing and cell cycle. DYRK1A-bound promoter sequences are highly enriched in a conserved palindromic motif, which is necessary to drive DYRK1A-dependent transcriptional activation. DYRK1A phosphorylates the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of RNAPII at Ser2 and Ser5. Depletion of DYRK1A results in reduced association of RNAPII at the target promoters as well as hypophosphorylation of the CTD of RNAPII along the target gene bodies. Accordingly, we propose that DYRK1A acts as a transcriptional regulator by acting as a novel CTD kinase. Occupancy of the kinase DYRK1A in two different cell lines and in two different growing conditions.

2015-03-11 | E-GEOD-63712 | biostudies-arrayexpress

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