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Hexokinase 2 Exacerbates Mitochondrial Damage, Neuroinflammation, and Lipid accumulation by promoting ACSL4 ISGylation in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy

ABSTRACT: Metabolic reprogramming is often observed in sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). However, little is known about the aberrant metabolic genes involved in mitochondrial damage, neuroinflammation, and lipid accumulation in microglial cells. Here, we show that hexokinase 2 (HK2) is upregulated and is strongly associated with the inflammatory response and lipid metabolism in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 cells. Genetic silencing or pharmacological inhibition of HK2 attenuates mitochondrial damage in vitro. Downregulation of HK2 lowered the NOD-like receptor signaling family pyrin domain containing three activations, both in BV2 cells and in the hippocampus of cecal ligation and puncture-induced male septic mice. Moreover, the inhibition of HK2 promoted lipid droplet reduction and activated mammalian target of rapamycin-mediated autophagy. Mechanistically, HK2 knockdown in microglial cells reduced the ISGylation of Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long-chain Family Member 4 (ACSL4) during lipid metabolism by interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15). Notably, ISG15 eﬀectively down-regulated the expression of ACSL4 in vitro. Our findings provide new mechanistic insights of HK2 in microglial cells through regulation of ACSL4 ISGylation, suggesting a promising therapeutic strategy for treating SAE by targeting HK2.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE280721 | GEO | 2025/04/30

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Murine BV2 microglia cells were transfected either with siRNA negative control or siRNA against caspase-3 for 48h. Later on some the of the BV2 transfected cells were co-cultured with C6 glioma cells during 6h. We used the SA Biosciences Mouse Wound Healing PCR Array (PAMM-121Z) to quantitate gene expression of relevant genes related to the wound healing process Glioma cells recruit and exploit microglia, resident immune cells of the brain, for their proliferation and invasion capability. The underlying molecular mechanism used by glioma cells to transform microglia into a tumor-supporting phenotype remains elusive. Here, we report that glioma-induced microglia conversion is coupled to a reduction of basal microglial caspase-3 activity, increased S-nitrosylation of mitochondria-associated caspase-3 through inhibition of thioredoxin-2 activity, and demonstrate that caspase-3 inhibition regulates microglial tumor-supporting function. Further, we identified nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2) activity originating from the glioma cells as a driving stimulus in the control of microglial caspase-3 activity. Repression of glioma NOS2 expression in vivo led to reduction in both microglia recruitment and tumor expansion, whereas depletion of the microglial caspase-3 gene promoted tumor growth. This study provides evidence that the inhibition of Trx2-mediated denitrosylation of SNO-procaspase-3 is part of the microglial pro-tumoral activation pathway initiated by glioma cancer cells. qPCR gene expression profiling. Three independent experiments of siControl BV2 monoculture, siCaspase3 BV2 monoculture, siControl BV2 cocultured 6h with C6 glioma cells and siCaspase3 BV2 cocultured 6h with C6 glioma cells. Equal amount total RNA from each culture was used for the gene expression analysis. Please note that the raw data for three independent experiments (prior to averaging the data) is provided in the 'Raw_Data_File_with_the_Ct_values_for_3_indep_experiments.txt'.

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Hexokinase 2 Exacerbates Mitochondrial Damage, Neuroinflammation, and Lipid accumulation by promoting ACSL4 ISGylation in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy

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