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Effects of chemotherapy on the elimination of various viruses and viroids from grapevine

ABSTRACT: Our experiments investigated the effects of various known chemotherapeutic agents (2-thiouracil, ribavirin and zidovudine) on grapevine for the elimination of several different viruses and viroids. Viruses and viroids were identified by small RNA HTS in the mother plants of different grapevine cultivars, and RT-PCR verified the results. Among the tested agents, ribavirin had the broadest elimination effect on most viruses. It proved to be particularly effective against GFkV, GLRaV-4, GPGV and GRSPaV, however, as a single treatment it was not able to eliminate GFLV. In our experiments, ribavirin also showed very low efficacy against GLRaV-1 and GVA viruses. The application of 2-TU caused high phytotoxicity, with only 25% efficacy against GLRaV-4 among the viruses tested. Zidovudine failed to eliminate any of the viruses we tested. However, the combination of ribavirin and zidovudine was able to eliminate GFLV, though with low efficacy (12.5%). In contrast, the combination of ribavirin and 2-TU has been shown to be very effective against GRSPaV and GPGV. Compared to ribavirin, zidovudine and 2-thiouracil did not demonstrate significant virus elimination efficacy in the case of tested viruses. In our experiments ribavirin could not remove HSVd and GYSVd-1 viroids. To the best of our knowledge, no prior studies have been published the successful use of ribavirin or other chemotherapeutic agents against GLRaV-4, and this is the first publication of a successful application of 2-TU and zidovudine against grape viruses .

ORGANISM(S): Vitis vinifera

PROVIDER: GSE283735 | GEO | 2025/12/31

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Background Mortality from bacterial meningitis, predominately caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, exceeds 50% in low and middle income countries in sub-Saharan Africa with high HIV prevalence. Underlying causes of high mortality are poorly understood. We examined the host and pathogen proteome in adults with proven pneumococcal meningitis (PM), testing if differentially expressed proteins in CSF were implicated in outcome. Materials/methods CSF proteomes were analysed by quantitative Mass-Spectrometry. Spectra were identified using the Swissprot human and TIGR4 pneumococcal protein libraries. Proteins were quantitated and analysed against clinical outcome. Unique proteins in PM were identified against published normal CSF proteome. Random-Forest models were used to test for protein signatures discriminating outcome. Proteins of interest were tested for their effects on growth and opsonophagocytic killing of S. pneumoniae. Results CSF proteomes were available for 57 Adults with PM (median age 32 years, 60% male, 70% HIV-1 co-infected, mortality 63%). 360 individual human and 23 pneumococcal proteins were identified. Of the human protein hits, 30% were not expressed in normal CSF, and these were strongly associated with inflammation and primarily related to neutrophil activity. No human protein signature predicted outcome. However, expression of the essential S. pneumoniae protein Elongation Factor Tu (EF-Tu) was significantly increased in CSF of non-survivors (False Discovery Rate (q) <0.001). Expression of EF-Tu was negatively co-correlated against expression of Neutrophil defensin (r 0.4 p p<0.002), but not against complement proteins C3 or Factor H. In vitro, addition of EF-Tu protein impaired S. pneumoniae neutrophil killing when osponised with CSF. Conclusions Excessive CSF levels of S. pneumoniae EF-Tu protein was associated with reduced survival in human meningitis. Preliminary studies show EF-Tu inhibits neutrophil mediated killing of S. pneumoniae in CSF. Further functional studies are required to better understand the mechanistic role of EF-Tu during PM.

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Effects of chemotherapy on the elimination of various viruses and viroids from grapevine

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