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Differential expression of innate immune and metabolic genes in LPS-challenged chickens

ABSTRACT: Salmonella causes inflammation in infected hosts. Inflammation is a well-characterized defensive mechanism of innate immunity. The recognition and engagement of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxins in the outer membranes of Salmonella to Toll-like receptor 4 of immune cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) trigger inflammatory responses characterized by secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-beta, IL-1 and IL-6. These cytokines cause fever, anorexia, bodyweight losses, and catabolism of skeletal muscles and adipose tissues. However, molecular events underlying innate immune responses and metabolic activities during the later stage of inflammation are poorly understood. Additionally, the effects of prebiotics and antibiotics on innate immunity and nutrient metabolism are not yet reported. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of a mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) prebiotic and virginiamycin (VIRG) sub-therapeutic antibiotic on innate immunity and glucose metabolism during late inflammation. We induced Salmonella LPS-systemic inflammation in a chicken model. Differentially regulated gene expressions were measured using 2 colour focussed oligonucleotide chicken-specific microarrays. Microarray analysis was performed on liver, intestinal and skeletal muscle tissues. We found that late inflammation was principally modulated by interleukin 3 (IL 3) and that glucose was mobilized from gluconeogenesis occurring in the intestines only. MOS and VIRG modulated innate immunity and metabolic genes differently. In contrast to VIRG, MOS terminated inflammatory responses earlier. Our results indicate IL 3 gene up-regulation in VIRG-fed chickens. To meet the higher energy requirements of VIRG chickens, genes for intestinal gluconeogenesis and liver glycolysis were respectively induced. Our study reveals the potential mechanisms by which prebiotic and antibiotic modulated innate immunity and glucose metabolism during late inflammation.

ORGANISM(S): Gallus gallus

PROVIDER: GSE28959 | GEO | 2011/04/30

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA140417

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Salmonella causes inflammation in infected hosts. Inflammation is a well-characterized defensive mechanism of innate immunity. The recognition and engagement of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxins in the outer membranes of Salmonella to Toll-like receptor 4 of immune cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) trigger inflammatory responses characterized by secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-beta, IL-1 and IL-6. These cytokines cause fever, anorexia, bodyweight losses, and catabolism of skeletal muscles and adipose tissues. However, molecular events underlying innate immune responses and metabolic activities during the later stage of inflammation are poorly understood. Additionally, the effects of prebiotics and antibiotics on innate immunity and nutrient metabolism are not yet reported. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of a mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) prebiotic and virginiamycin (VIRG) sub-therapeutic antibiotic on innate immunity and glucose metabolism during late inflammation. We induced Salmonella LPS-systemic inflammation in a chicken model. Differentially regulated gene expressions were measured using 2 colour focussed oligonucleotide chicken-specific microarrays. Microarray analysis was performed on liver, intestinal and skeletal muscle tissues. We found that late inflammation was principally modulated by interleukin 3 (IL 3) and that glucose was mobilized from gluconeogenesis occurring in the intestines only. MOS and VIRG modulated innate immunity and metabolic genes differently. In contrast to VIRG, MOS terminated inflammatory responses earlier. Our results indicate IL 3 gene up-regulation in VIRG-fed chickens. To meet the higher energy requirements of VIRG chickens, genes for intestinal gluconeogenesis and liver glycolysis were respectively induced. Our study reveals the potential mechanisms by which prebiotic and antibiotic modulated innate immunity and glucose metabolism during late inflammation. 14-day old chickens were injected i.p. with saline or LPS. For each tissue and experimental conditions (saline or LPS challenge), a total of 12 microarrays (6 MOS birds + 6 VIRG birds) were used in a 2 x 2 factorial design and complete interwoven loop arrangement. We compared gene expression from prebiotic-fed birds with antibiotic-fed birds without including reference RNA. LPS challenge, antibiotic or prebiotic, innate immunity, glucose metabolism

Project description:The success of TNF inhibitors for treatment of psoriasis and other inflammatory diseases was previously attributed to blockade of innate immunity. In a clinical trial using etanercept TNF blocking agent to treat psoriasis vulgaris, we used affymetrix gene arrays to analyze broad gene profiles in lesional skin at multiple timepoints during drug treatment (baseline, and weeks 1, 2, 4 and 12) compared to non-lesional skin. This analysis created a temporal model of TNF-dependent gene regulation that informs molecular mechanisms of TNF-mediated inflammation. We identified four gene clusters that were differentially down-modulated during etanercept treatment: the cluster down-regulated most rapidly contained mostly dendritic cell activation genes. Culturing human keratinocytes with TNF, IFNg and IL-17 generated a list of keratinocyte genes regulated by each cytokine. The IL-17 pathway genes were strongly down-modulated early, whereas IFNg pathway genes were not down-modulated until final disease resolution at week 12. Finally, we show that TNF blockade rapidly inhibits IL-12/IL-23 p40 subunit expression, and that p40 neutralization inhibits psoriatic dermal emigre-mediated Th17 polarization. We hypothesize that etanercept inhibits myeloid dendritic cell production of IL-23, a Th17 survival cytokine, resulting in rapid downregulation of IL-17 pathway genes. This data links effects of TNF blockade on the innate immune system with the adaptive immune system. Experiment Overall Design: In this study 15 patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis were given 50mg of etanercept (Amgen) biweekly for 12 weeks. And analyzed using gene array on mRNA extracted from tissue collected at each biopsy time point (non-lesional Time: 0; lesional Time: 0, weeks 1, 2, 4, and 12). Patients were stratified as 'responders' or 'non-responders' based on whether or not they achieved histologic disease resolution by week 12 of etanercept treatment (decreased epidermal thickening, normalization of proliferation marker Ki67, and loss of differentiation marker K16).

Project description:Deficiency in the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP1/PTPN6 is linked with hematological malignancies and chronic inflammatory diseases. Here we exploited the embryonic and larval stages of zebrafish as an animal model to study ptpn6 function in the sole context of innate immunity. We show that ptpn6 knockdown induces a spontaneous inflammation-associated phenotype at the late larval stage, which was microbe-independent and enhanced instead of suppressed by glucocorticoids. When challenged with Salmonella typhimurium or Mycobacterium marinum at earlier stages of development, the innate immune system was hyperactivated to a contra-productive level that impaired the control of these pathogenic bacteria. These results demonstrate the crucial regulatory function of ptpn6 in preventing host-detrimental effects of inflammation by imposing a tight control over the level of innate immune response activation. This microarray study was designed to determine the effect of morpholino knockdown of the ptpn6 gene on the innate immune response of zebrafish embryos during infection with Salmonella typhimurium. Three independent infection experiments were performed using mixed egg clutches of wild type zebrafish, which were a cross of the AB and TL strains. Each experiment consisted of the following four treatment groups: (1) uninfected control embryos, (2) S. typhimurium-infected control embryos, (3) uninfected ptpn6 knockdown embryos, and (4) S. typhimurium-infected ptpn6 knockdown embryos. Knockdown of ptpn6 was performed by micro-injecting embryos at the 1-2 cell stage with the ptpn6 morpholino, and control embryos were mock-injected with buffer. Embryos were grown at 28.5M-bM-^@M-^S30M-BM-0C in egg water and manually dechorionated at 24 hours post fertilization (hpf). Subsequently, embryos were infected at 28 hpf by micro-injecting 200-250 colony forming units (CFU) of S. typhimurium SL1027 bacteria into the caudal vein, or were mock-injected with buffer as a control. After injections embryos were transferred into fresh egg water and incubated for 8 h at 28M-BM-0C. After the incubation period, pools of 15-20 embryos per treatment group were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and RNA was isolated for microarray analysis. All treatment groups were analyzed using a common reference approach.

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Differential expression of innate immune and metabolic genes in LPS-challenged chickens

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