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Heat stress triggers nuclear invagination and spatial compartmentalization of protein metabolism

ABSTRACT: Heat stress is a common challenge for cells, causing multiple types of cellular damage while triggering complex stress responses, including the classical heat shock response. However, the subcellular coordination of these stress responses remains poorly understood. In this study, we identify reversible nuclear morphological changes under heat stress, characterized by kidney-shaped invaginations. These nuclear invaginations are associated with intermediate filament collapse and the regional clustering of organelles. Through immunofluorescence imaging and proteomic analysis, we further reveal that nuclear invagination region function as "protein metabolism hotspots", where both protein translation and degradation are enhanced. Moreover, this compartmentalization is not only essential for cellular adaptation and recovery from heat stress but also correlates with the differential heat tolerance across cell lines. Our findings highlight a previously unappreciated mechanism by which cells spatially reorganize protein metabolism to optimize stress responses, providing new insights into heat stress adaptation.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE292106 | GEO | 2026/03/03

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Cellular responses to maladaptive environmental changes—stresses—allow for organismal adaptation to diverse and dynamic conditions. Across the tree of life, cells upregulate a highly conserved transcriptional program in response to so-called proteotoxic stresses such as heat shock. Correspondingly, in eukaryotes, these stresses induce the formation of biomolecular condensates, clusters of mRNA and protein which are referred to as stress granules under severe stress. However, major questions remain about this stress-induced response. How conserved is the condensation response relative to the transcriptional response? How does it vary across environmental niches, and to what extent does it correspond with the conserved transcriptional response? To answer these fundamental questions, we studied the growth, transcriptional, and condensation heat-induced stress responses in three fungal species adapted to thrive in different thermal environments: cryophilic S. kudriavzevii, mesophilic S. cerevisiae, and thermotolerant K. marxianus. Here we show that transcriptional heat shock responses track each species’ evolved temperature range of growth. Further, orthologous proteins—including poly(A)-binding protein, Pab1, a core marker of stress granules—form condensates in vivo at temperatures systematically tuned to the temperature at which the organisms activate the transcriptional heat shock response and slow their growth. In vitro, purified Pab1 from each species condenses autonomously at niche-specific temperatures. Homologous mutations in Pab1 cause similar shifts in relative condensation temperature across species, and crucially, mutations which suppress condensation in vitro also reduce fitness during heat stress. Our findings indicate that stress-induced protein condensation is adaptive, conserved, integrated with the growth and transcriptional responses, and tuned to features of the cellular and organismal environment to initiate at niche-specific levels.

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Heat stress triggers nuclear invagination and spatial compartmentalization of protein metabolism

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