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Decoding the molecular logic of rapidly evolving ZAD zinc finger proteins in Drosophila

ABSTRACT: The zinc finger-associated domain (ZAD)-containing C2H2 zinc finger proteins (ZAD-ZnFs) represent the most abundant class of transcription factors that emerged during insect evolution, yet their molecular diversity and biological functions remain largely unclear. Here, we established a systematic CRISPR-based protein-tagging approach that enables direct, unambiguous comparison of nuclear localization and genome-wide binding profiles of endogenous ZAD-ZnFs in developing Drosophila embryos. Evidence is provided that a subset of ZAD-ZnFs forms nuclear condensates through the stacking of the N-terminal ZAD dimerization surface. Disruption of condensation activity leads to misregulation of genome-wide binding profiles and lethality, underscoring its functional and physiological significance in development. Importantly, integrative ChIP-seq and Micro-C analyses reveal that many ZAD-ZnFs colocalize with core insulator proteins such as CTCF and CP190 to control the formation of topological boundaries. We suggest that the diverse molecular functions of ZAD-ZnFs have evolutionally arisen from their ancestral role as insulator-binding proteins.

ORGANISM(S): Drosophila melanogaster

PROVIDER: GSE295515 | GEO | 2026/01/08

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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