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Cytosolic sodium accumulation is a common danger signal triggering NLRP3 inflammasome activation

ABSTRACT: Detecting noxious molecules within the endo/lysosomal system is essential for maintaining cellular integrity. Here, we identify acute cytosolic sodium accumulation as a key trigger for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Large clostridial toxins, as well as monosodium urate and silica crystals, rapidly elevate cytosolic sodium by promoting its release from the endo/lysosomal system, triggering concurrent potassium efflux and extracellular sodium influx. This rise in cytosolic sodium disrupts endocytic trafficking by collapsing the sodium gradient across endosomal membranes, leading to peripheral redistribution and activation of NLRP3. Importantly, non-particulate stimuli, including nigericin, also activate NLRP3 by this sodium-dependent mechanism. These findings position cytosolic sodium as a key downstream effector of potassium efflux and a central signal for NLRP3 activation across diverse stimuli.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE297761 | GEO | 2026/05/21

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Inflammasome, activated by pathogen-derived and host-derived danger signals, constitutes a multimolecular signaling complex that serves as a platform for caspase-1 (CASP1) activation and interleukin-1beta (IL1B) maturation. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome requires two-step signals. The first “priming” signal (Signal 1) enhances gene expression of inflammasome components. The second “activation” signal (Signal 2) promotes the assembly of inflammasome components. Deregulated activation of NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to the pathological processes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). However, at present, the precise mechanism regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation and deactivation remains largely unknown. By genome-wide gene expression profiling, we studied the molecular network of NLRP3 inflammasome activation-responsive genes in a human monocyte cell line THP-1 sequentially given two-step signals. We identified the set of 83 NLRP3 inflammasome activation-responsive genes. Among them, we found the NR4A nuclear receptor family NR4A1, NR4A2, and NR4A3, the EGR family EGR1, EGR2, and EGR3, the IkappaB family NFKBIZ, NFKBID, and NFKBIA as a key group of the genes that possibly constitute a negative feedback loop for shutting down inflammation following NLRP3 inflammasome activation. By molecular network analysis, we identified a complex network of NLRP3 inflammasome activation-responsive genes involved in cellular development and death, and immune and inflammatory responses, where transcription factors AP-1, NR4A, and EGR serve as a hub. Thus, NLRP3 inflammasome activation-responsive genes constitute the molecular network composed of a set of negative feedback regulators for prompt resolution of inflammation. To load the Signal 1 (S1), THP-1 cells were incubated for 3 hours in the culture medium with or without inclusion of 0.2 microgram/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To load the Signal 2 (S2), they were incubated further for 2 hours in the culture medium with inclusion of 10 microM nigericin sodium salt dissolved in ethanol or the equal v/v% concentration of ethanol (vehicle), followed by processing for microarray analysis on Human Gene 1.0 ST Array (Affymetrix).

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Cytosolic sodium accumulation is a common danger signal triggering NLRP3 inflammasome activation

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