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Targeting intrinsically disordered nuclear protein 1 (NUPR1) with single-domain antibodies alleviates triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) progression in vivo

ABSTRACT: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subtype that currently lacks effective targeted therapies. Transcriptional co-regulator nuclear protein 1 (NUPR1) has been identified as a key stress-adaptive protein that promotes tumor progression and therapy-induced resistance. In this study, we developed a robust high-throughput platform integrating in situ proximity ligation assay followed by DNA sequencing (isPLA-seq), NanoBiT assays, and C-degron degradation validation to screen for functional single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) targeting NUPR1. Consequently, sdAb#07.81 emerged as a lead candidate, demonstrating strong binding affinity and the ability to degrade endogenous NUPR1 in TNBC cells. Functional assays confirmed that sdAb#07.81 suppressed TNBC cell growth and induced senescence in vitro. In vivo validation using a 4T1 cell-derived mouse model further established its therapeutic efficacy, with significant reductions in tumor size, NUPR1 expression, and cell proliferation. These findings highlight sdAb#07.81 as a promising therapeutic agent and validate the platform’s effectiveness for addressing intracellular targets like NUPR1. This work underscores the potential of sdAbs as a cancer therapeutics and provides a foundation for advancing sdAb#07.81 into preclinical and clinical development to address the critical unmet needs of TNBC treatment.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE300149 | GEO | 2026/01/12

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of Nupr1 in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Using the Pdx-1-cre;LSL-KrasG12D mouse as model we discovered that, in contrast to KrasG12D pancreas that develop multiple foci of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), KrasG12D;Nupr1KO pancreas were free from such lesions, indicating that Nupr1 is pivotal for PanIN formation. In vitro, MiaPaCa2 cells activated Nupr1 expression in response to nutrient deprivation and this expression was necessary for cell survival. Mechanistically, Nupr1 protected cells from stress-induced death by inhibiting apoptosis through an alternative RelBàIER3-dependent pathway and independent from activation of the classical RelA-based NF-kB pathway. In agreement with these findings, Nupr1, RelB and IER3 proteins were found co-expressed in PanINs from KrasG12D pancreas. Moreover, pancreas-specific KrasG12D;RelbDpanc mice displayed a delay in PanIN development associated with a lack of IER3 expression, further emphasizing the relevance of this pathway in vivo. Efficient PanIN formation was therefore dependent on the expression of Nupr1 and RelB, with the probable involvement of IER3. Finally, a significant correlation between expression of Nupr1, RelB and IER3 and a poor prognosis of patients with PDAC was found. Altogether, our results reveal a novel stress-related pathway that requires the functional interaction of Nupr1àRelBàIER3 in KrasG12D-dependent transformation of the pancreas and expand our understanding of the molecular machinery that mediates the early steps of pancreatic carcinogenesis. Since Nupr1 belongs to the HMG family of chromatin remodelers with transcriptional co-factor activity, Nupr1 could increase cell survival in a nutrient-deprived microenvironment by activating the expression of pro-survival genes. Moreover, considering that RelB, and not RelA/p65, is essential to the Nupr1-mediated survival mechanism that takes place upon nutrient deprivation-induced stress, we made the hypothesis that the two NF-kB transcription factors should activate different sets of genes among which a pivotal pro-survival gene would be exclusively dependent on RelB. In order to test this two hypothesis, an Affymetrix microarray analysis was performed using pancreatic cancer cells transfected with siCtrl or siNupr1 and cultured for 3, 6 or 9 hrs in EBSS; or transfected with siRelB, siRelA/p65 or siCtrl and cultured for 9 hrs in EBSS or Mock.

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Targeting intrinsically disordered nuclear protein 1 (NUPR1) with single-domain antibodies alleviates triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) progression in vivo

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