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Cytokinins control secondary cell wall formation in the inflorescence stem of Arabidopsis

ABSTRACT: Spatiotemporal control over developmental programs is vital to all organisms. Here we show that deficiency in cytokinin signaling or biosynthesis leads to early secondary cell wall (SCW) formation in Arabidopsis inflorescence stem that associates with precocious upregulation of a SCW transcriptional cascade controlled by NAC TFs (NSTs/VNDs). We demonstrate that cytokinin signaling through the AHK2/3 and the ARR1/10/12 suppresses the expression of several NSTs/VNDs and SCW formation in the apical portions of stems. Exogenous cytokinin application led to fast downregulation of NST1 and NST3 (NST1/3) and VND6/7 in the WT and reconstituted both proper development and apical-basal gradient of NST1/3 expression in a cytokinin biosynthesis-deficient mutant. We show that AHK2 and AHK3 required functional NST1 or NST3 to control SCW initiation in the interfascicular fibers, further evidencing that cytokinins act upstream of NSTs transcription factors. The premature onset of a rigid SCW biosynthesis and altered expression of NST1/3 and VND6/7 due to cytokinin deficiency led to the formation of smaller tracheary elements (TEs) and impaired hydraulic conductivity. We conclude that cytokinins downregulate NSTs to inhibit premature SCW formation in the apical part of the inflorescence stem, facilitating thus the development of fully functional TEs and interfascicular fibers.

ORGANISM(S): Arabidopsis thaliana

PROVIDER: GSE300572 | GEO | 2025/06/24

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Jatropha curcas L. is a potential biofuel plant. Application of exogenous cytokinin (6-benzyladenine, BA) on its inflorescence buds can significantly increase the number of female flowers, thereby improving seed yield. To investigate which genes and signal pathways are involved in the response to cytokinin in J. curcas inflorescence buds, we monitored transcriptional activity in inflorescences at 0, 3, 12, 24, and 48 h after BA treatment using a microarray. We detected 5,555 differentially expressed transcripts over the course of the experiment, which could be grouped into 12 distinct temporal expression patterns. We also identified 31 and 131 transcripts in J. curcas whose homologs in model plants function in flowering and phytohormonal signaling pathways, respectively. According to the transcriptional analysis of genes involved in flower development, we hypothesized that BA treatment delays floral organ formation by inhibiting the transcription of the A, B and E classes of floral organ-identity genes, which would allow more time to generate more floral primordia in inflorescence meristems, thereby enhancing inflorescence branching and significantly increasing flower number per inflorescence. BA treatment might also play an important role in maintaining the flowering signals by activating the transcription of GIGANTEA (GI) and inactivating the transcription of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1b (TFL1b). In addition, exogenous cytokinin treatment could regulate the expression of genes involved in the metabolism and signaling of other phytohormones, indicating that cytokinin and other phytohormones jointly regulate flower development in J. curcas inflorescence buds. Our study provides a framework to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying changes in flowering traits in response to cytokinin treatment in J. curcas inflorescence buds. The results provide valuable information related to the mechanisms of cross-talk among multiple phytohormone signaling pathways in woody plants.

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Cytokinins control secondary cell wall formation in the inflorescence stem of Arabidopsis

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