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Engineered circular RNA compatible with complete nucleoside modification and rolling circle translation through a Cap-independent translation enhancer (CITE)

ABSTRACT: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) exhibit extended stability and enhanced,sustained protein expression. Nucleoside modification and rolling circle translation are supposed to reduce the immunogenicity and enhance the translational efficiency of circRNAs. However, it remains challenging to produce encodable circRNAs with modified nucleosides rather than the original nucleosides. Here, we identified a 39-nucleotide Cap-independent Translation Enhancer (CITE) element, termed BBV, which effectively drove the translation of nucleoside-modified RNAs with minimal immunogenicity. Subsequently, we demonstrated that the in vivo-produced circRNA harboring BBV could achieve efficient and sustained rolling circle translation lasting two weeks. Furthermore, we developed an extracellular vesicle-based delivery platform, termed EPM-EABR ASsisted Vesicle Yield (EASY), to deliver circRNAs without introducing viral Gag-Pol proteins. Additionally, we developed a Permuted Intron for Clean CircRNAs (PICC) system to produce scarless circRNAs via in vitro transcription and achieved efficient rolling circle translation driven by BBV. In a murine model, we demonstrated that the PICC-produced circRNA vaccine outperformed the N1mψ-mRNA vaccine in inducing anti-tumor immunity. Importantly, we succeeded to achieve complete substitution with modified nucleosides in circRNAs via Twister ribozyme self-cleaving, dramatically reducing the immunogenicity of circRNAs, but still retaining the ability of rolling circle translation. Collectively, we established a nucleoside-modified circRNA platform that facilitates efficient translation with minimal immunogenicity, offering a safer and more effective platform for applications in vaccine development and disease treatment.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE303451 | GEO | 2026/01/01

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:In platelets, splicing and translation occur in the absence of a nucleus. However, the integrity and stability of mRNAs derived from megakaryocyte progenitor cells remain poorly quantified on a transcriptome-wide level. As circular RNAs (circRNAs) are resistant to degradation by exonucleases, their abundance relative to linear RNAs can be used as a surrogate marker for mRNA stability in the absence of transcription. Here we show that circRNAs are enriched in human platelets 17-188 fold relative to nucleated tissues, and 14-26 fold relative to samples digested with RNAseR to selectively remove linear RNA. We compare RNAseq read depths inside and outside circRNAs to provide in silico evidence of transcript circularity, show that exons within circRNAs are enriched ~13X in platelets relative to nucleated tissues, and identify 3162 genes significantly enriched for circRNAs including some where all RNAs appear to be derived from circular molecules. We also confirm that this is a feature of other anucleate cells through transcriptome sequencing of mature erythrocytes, demonstrate that circRNAs are not enriched in megakaryocytes, and that linear RNAs decay more rapidly than circRNAs in platelet preparations. Collectively, these results suggest that circulating platelets have lost on aveage over 90% of their progenitor mRNAs, and that translation in platelets occurrs against the backdrop of a highly degraded transcriptome. Finally, we find that transcripts classified as products of reverse transcriptase template switching are both enriched in platelets and resistant to decay, countering the recent suggestion that up to 50% of rearranged RNAs are artefacts. A single rRNA depleted total RNA sample was sequenced. This together with 25 publicly available rRNA depleted total RNA samples (including 3 from platelets) were analysed using PTESFinder v 1 (http://sourceforge.net/projects/ptesfinder-v1/) to identify back-splice junctions, characteristic of circRNA transcripts. The contribution of circRNA producing exons was analysed on a gene by gene basis as follows: All circRNA transcripts identified in any sample were first pooled to define exons which can contribute to circRNA generation using custom scripts (available on request). For each sample, expression estimates (RPKMI) across all circRNA producing exons were computed for each locus using the total size of exons (in bp) and the read counts mapping to them. Similarly, total size and exonic read counts for exons for which no circRNA were detected in any sample were used to compute expression estimates (RPKME) for non-circRNA producing exons for each locus. Abundance ratios (RPKMI/RPKME and RPKMI/RPKMI+RPKME) were calculated and compared between Platelets and human tissues using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Please note that the '25sample_info_accn_no.txt' contains the accession numbers and tissue/cell type information for 25 samples analyzed together.

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Engineered circular RNA compatible with complete nucleoside modification and rolling circle translation through a Cap-independent translation enhancer (CITE)

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