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Microenvironment-Responsive Multifunctional Enzyme-Linked Hydrogel for Diabetic Bone Defects Regeneration

ABSTRACT: Diabetes mellitus (DM) bone defects face impaired healing due to hyperglycemia, chronic inflammation, and dysregulated bone remodeling, yet existing therapies lack comprehensive strategies targeting these interconnected issues. To address this, a glucose/ROS-responsive multifunctional hydrogel (AAT-ZCG) was designed, integrating tannic acid (TA)-mediated dynamic borate ester bonds and a cascade nanozyme comprising cerium-zoledronic acid-glucose oxidase (ZCG). The hydrogel enables stimuli-responsive release of TA and ZCG within DM microenvironments, depleting glucose via glucose oxidase-mediated catalysis and mitigating inflammation through cerium-mediated ROS scavenging. Moreover, ZCG modulates macrophage polarization, stimulates angiogenesis and enhances osteogenesis. Acidic byproducts trigger ZCG degradation, releasing zoledronic acid to inhibit excessive osteoclast activation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulated forkhead box O1 transcription factor, a key regulator of bone metabolism and inflammation. This all-in-one platform concurrently addresses pivotal mediators in DM bone defects, overcoming limitations of single-target approaches. By consolidating multifunctional responses, AAT-ZCG provides a concise yet effective strategy for DM bone defect regeneration.

ORGANISM(S): Rattus norvegicus

PROVIDER: GSE308985 | GEO | 2025/09/30

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Diabetes mellitus [DM], with its burden of premature morbidity and mortality, represents one of the major threats to human health in the 21st century (Zimmet 2001). Accelerated atherosclerosis affecting arteries that supply the heart, brain and lower extremities is responsible for an increased risk of acute ischemic events. DM is also associated with microvascular disease, which is a leading cause of blindness, renal failure and debilitating neuropathies. Endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular permeability and microvascular cell loss by apoptosis are all hallmarks of diabetic microangiopathy. Diabetic patients not only incur cardiovascular complications more frequently, but also experience worse outcomes due to attenuation of vascular repair mechanisms. This impairment includes quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of bone marrow [BM]-derived progenitor cells (Emanueli 2002&2004; Loomans 2004; Krankel 2005; Fadini 2006). The mechanisms underlying BM dysfunction remain however enigmatic, especially when considering the privileged location that protects stem cells [SC] and progenitor cells [PC] of the marrow from external insults (Kopp 2008 and Kiel 2008). BM endothelial cells [EC] are instead an obvious target of DM, because they are directly exposed to blood glucose and incapable to regulate glucose influx. Strangely enough, little is known about the impact of diabetes on BM microvasculature. We hypothesize that damage induced by DM might start at the microvascular level, in a similar fashion to microangiopathy, which occurs in kidney, retina, heart and brain. We also propose that enduring microvascular cell loss might result in marrow hypo-perfusion and destabilization of SC homeostasis. In order to test this hypothesis, we studied streptozotocin-induced (STZ) type-1 DM and age-matched non-DM mice (n=6 to 10 per group in each experiment). Histological examination of femurs, collected from STZ-mice at 28-30 weeks from induction of DM or controls, showed remarkable differences in bone density and marrow composition. Bone marrow cells from healthy and diabetic animals were next selected for endothelial progenitors and cultured for 10 days under endothelial cell growth conditions. Next RNA was isolated and analysed by Illumina Sentrix Beadarrays.

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Microenvironment-Responsive Multifunctional Enzyme-Linked Hydrogel for Diabetic Bone Defects Regeneration

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