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Clinically approved HIF‑PHIs modulate redox metabolism, cell growth, and angiogenesis independent of HIF‑1α/HIF‑2α

ABSTRACT: HIF-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors are used to treat anemia in chronic kidney disease. These drugs stabilize hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1α and HIF-2α, which activate erythropoiesis and iron metabolism pathways. Clinically approved HIF-PHIs including roxadustat and molidustat exhibit distinct molecular structures and selectivity profiles, yet their HIF-independent effects remain poorly understood. Here we show that roxadustat and molidustat modulate mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, lysosomal activity, and lipid accumulation, resulting in distinct cellular phenotypes in HIF-null cells. Notably, roxadustat exhibited anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic activity in HIF-null cells, contradicting expectations of VEGF-driven angiogenesis via HIF stabilization. RNA sequencing and pathway analysis revealed compound-specific off-target gene regulation affecting cellular processes beyond canonical hypoxia responses including energy metabolism and immune signaling. These findings illuminate mechanisms underlying potential adverse effects- such as thrombosis- and identify alternative therapeutic pathways, providing a framework for optimizing HIF-PHI safety profiles and expanding their clinical applications in oncology and metabolic disorders.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE328627 | GEO | 2026/05/21

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the most common cause of childhood blindness worldwide and is caused by oxygen therapy necessary to prevent mortality after premature birth. We have previously demonstrated the efficacy of systemic hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) stabilization through HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibition (HIF PHi) in protecting retinal vasculature from oxygen toxicity in a mouse model of ROP or oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR). We definitively demonstrated that hepatic HIF-1 can be activated to confer this protection using systemic dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) to prevent HIF-1α degradation. In this study we compare Roxadustat, a small molecule stabilizer of HIF-1 currently in phase 3 clinical trials for increasing erythropoiesis in adult patients with chronic kidney disease, to DMOG. We demonstrate that Roxadustat induces vascular protection during hyperoxia to induce the coordinated sequential growth of retinal vasculature with a 3-fold reduction in oxygen induced capillary loss (p-=0.001). In order to define the molecular mechanism of protection, we further compared the transcriptome of both liver and retina after systemic treatment with Roxadustat or DMOG. Similar gene expression profiles were identified in liver but very different effects on transcription were found in retinal tissues because Roxadustat, in contrast to DMOG, directly targets retina, confirmed by western blot and by rescue of the hepatic HIF-1 KO, two criteria that DMOG treatment is unable to fulfill. Systems pharmacologic analysis demonstrates that Roxadustat induces typical HIF regulated genes critical to aerobic glycolysis in liver and retinal tissues whereas DMOG, acting through either secreted hepatokines or by influence of systemic DMOG, downregulates cell adhesion/extracellular matrix interaction pathways while increasing expression of histone cluster genes. Stratification of liver transcriptomes to secreted gene products again shows close consensus of hepatic genes induced by both small molecules, and includes upregulation of a plethora of angiogenic proteins such as plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), erythropoietin (EPO), and orosomucosoid 2 (ORM2). Secondary validation of these transcripts by serum ELISA confirms secretion of EPO and PAI-1 into blood from liver. These findings definitively demonstrate that HIF stabilization can prevent OIR by two pathways: direct retinal HIF stabilization and induction of aerobic glycolysis or indirect, hepatic HIF-1 stabilization and increased serum angiokines. Systems pharmacology analysis therefore explains why intermittent, low dosage of small molecule HIF stabilizers creates a profound protective phenotype, because both pathways can take advantage of cytoprotection induced by the liver and by retina synergistically. These data provide a rationale for considering low dose, intermittent systemic administration of Roxadustat, currently in phase 3 trials in adults with chronic kidney disease, to eradicate ROP in children.

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Clinically approved HIF‑PHIs modulate redox metabolism, cell growth, and angiogenesis independent of HIF‑1α/HIF‑2α

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