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Transcription factor activator protein 2C (TFAP2C) regulates luminal differentiation in mammary development and carcinogenesis

ABSTRACT: Molecular subtypes of breast cancer are characterized by patterns of gene expression, which can be used to predict response to therapy and overall clinical outcome. The luminal breast cancer subtypes are defined by the expression of ER-alpha (ERa) and a set of ERa-associated genes. The transcription factor activator protein 2C (TFAP2C, AP-2C, AP-2g) transcription factor plays a critical role in regulating cell growth and differentiation during ectodermal development and has been implicated in the regulation of ERa and other luminal-associated genes in breast cancer. While TFAP2C has been established as a prognostic factor in human breast cancer, the role of TFAP2C in development of the luminal epithelial cells in the normal mammary gland and in breast cancer have remained elusive. Herein, we demonstrate a critical role of TFAP2C in maintaining the luminal differentiation phenotype during normal mammary development and in luminal breast carcinoma cell lines.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE44203 | GEO | 2014/02/01

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA189059

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Abstract: A subset of HER2 breast cancers with amplification of the TFAP2C gene locus becomes addicted to AP-2g. We sought to define AP-2g-regulated genes that control growth and invasiveness by comparing HER2 cell lines with differential response to TFAP2C knockdown. A set of 68 differentially expressed genes was identified, which included CDH5 and CDKN1A. Pathway analysis implicated the MAPK13/p38δ and retinoic acid regulatory nodes, which were confirmed to display divergent responses. The AP-2g gene signature was highly predictive of outcome in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. We conclude that AP-2g regulates a set of genes in HER2 breast cancer that drive cancer growth and invasiveness and that the AP-2g gene signature can predict outcome of patients with HER2 breast cancer. Results: Using an optimized data analysis workflow, we mapped about 50-75 million sequence reads per sample to the human genome Human Feb.2009 (GRCh37/hg19) (hg19). By RNA-seq analysis, knockdown of TFAP2C in HCC1954 with siRNA (compared to NT siRNA) identified 364 genes with significantly altered expression. To further create specificity for AP-2gamma-regulated genes, RNA-seq analysis was performed comparing expression in shHCC1954 with shTFAP2C cells vs. shNT; this analysis identified 8,986 genes with significantly altered expression. The two data sets were subsequently compared to identify a set of genes that were consistently altered with knockdown of TFAP2C by siRNA and shRNA. This comparison confirmed the identification of 152 AP-2gamma target genes in HCC1954 cells. Because HCC1954 demonstrated opposite growth regulation and invasiveness with knockdown of TFAP2C compared to SKBR3, we hypothesized that the AP-2gamma target genes responsible for growth and invasion would be differentially regulated with knockdown of TFAP2C in HCC1954 versus SKBR3. Hence, RNA-seq analysis was performed in SKBR3 after knockdown of TFAP2C with siRNA; in this analysis, a total of 3814 genes were significantly altered. The pattern of expression for the 152 AP-2gamma target genes identified in HCC1954 was subsequently compared to expression changes in SKBR3. Of note, only 79 of the 152 TFAP2C target genes in HCC1954 were found to change expression significantly in the RNA-seq data set from SKBR-3. Conclusions: Knockdown of TFAP2C with co-knockdown of CDH5 in SKBR-3 confirmed no significant effect on invasion, though there was a slight reduction in invasiveness with knockdown of CDH5 that failed to reach statistical significance (p=0.12). These findings support the conclusion that regulation of CDH5 and CDKN1A contribute to alterations of proliferation and invasiveness induced by knockdown of TFAP2C.

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Transcription factor activator protein 2C (TFAP2C) regulates luminal differentiation in mammary development and carcinogenesis

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