Protein−DNA binding in the absence of specific base-pair recognition
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): synthetic construct Homo sapiens
PROVIDER: GSE61920 | GEO | 2014/10/01
SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA262677
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Until now, it has been reasonably assumed that specific base-pair recognition is the only mechanism controlling the specificity of transcription factor (TF)M-bM-^HM-^RDNA binding. Contrary to this assumption, here we show that nonspecific DNA sequences possessing certain repeat symmetries, when present outside of specific TF binding sites (TFBSs), statistically control TFM-bM-^HM-^RDNA binding preferences. We used high-throughput proteinM-bM-^HM-^RDNA binding assays to measure the binding levels and free energies of binding for several human TFs to tens of thousands of short DNA sequences with varying re- peat symmetries. Based on statistical mechanics modeling, we iden- tify a new proteinM-bM-^HM-^RDNA binding mechanism induced by DNA se- quence symmetry in the absence of specific base-pair recognition, and experimentally demonstrate that this mechanism indeed gov- erns proteinM-bM-^HM-^RDNA binding preferences. Four custom protein binding microarray (PBM) experiments of human transcription factors were performed. Briefly, the PBMs involved binding his-tagged transcription factors c-Myc, Max, and Mad1(Mxd1) to double-stranded 180K Agilent microarrays in order to determine their binding specificity for GTCACGTGAC DNA binding sites flanked by repetitive DNA elements with different symmetries and correlation length scales. Briefly, we represent three categories of 36-bp sequences: 1) 28800 probes centered at a GTCACGTGAC site and flanked by repetitive elements (probe names starting with Ariel_); 2) Unbound probes (or negative controls); and 3) Bound probes, which correspond to randomly selected genomic regions bound in vivo by c-Myc, Max, or Mad2 (ChIP-seq P < 10^(-10) in HeLaS3 or K562 celld (ENCODE)), which contain at least two consecutive 8-mers with universal PBM E-score > 0.4 (Munteanu and Gordan, LNCS 2013). Each DNA sequence represented on the array is present in 6 replicate spots. We report the gcPBM signal intensity for each spot (raw files) as well as the median intensity over the 6 replicate spots (normalized data). The PBM protocol is described in Berger et al., Nature Biotechnology 2006 (PMID 16998473).
2014-10-01 | E-GEOD-61920 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Transcription factors (TFs) are primary regulators of gene expression in cells, where they bind specific genomic target sites to control transcription. Quantitative measurements of TF-DNA binding energies can improve the accuracy of predictions of TF occupancy and downstream gene expression in vivo and shed light on how transcriptional networks are rewired throughout evolution. Here, we present a novel sequencing-based TF binding assay and analysis pipeline (BET-seq, for Binding Energy Topography by sequencing) capable of providing quantitative estimates of binding energies for more than one million DNA sequences in parallel at high energetic resolution. Using this platform, we measured the binding energies associated with all possible combinations of 10 nucleotides flanking the known consensus DNA target for two model yeast TFs, Pho4 and Cbf1. A large fraction of these flanking mutations change overall binding energies by an amount equal to or greater than consensus site mutations, suggesting that current definitions of TF binding sites may be too restrictive. By systematically comparing estimates of binding energies output by deep neural networks (NN) and biophysical models trained on these data, we establish that dinucleotide specificities are sufficient to explain essentially all variance in observed binding behavior, with Cbf1 binding exhibiting significantly more non-additivity than Pho4. NN-derived binding energies agree with orthogonal biochemical measurements and reveal that dynamically occupied sites in vivo are both energetically and mutationally distant from the highest-affinity sites.
2018-03-17 | GSE111936 | GEO
Project description:Protein−DNA binding in the absence of specific base-pair recognition
| PRJNA262677 | ENA
Project description:Cone-rod homeobox (CRX) is a paired-like homeodomain transcription factor (TF) and a master regulator of photoreceptor development in vertebrates. The in vitro DNA binding preferences of CRX have been described in detail, but the degree to which in vitro binding affinity is correlated with in vivo enhancer activity is not known. In addition, paired-class homeodomain TFs can bind DNA cooperatively as both homodimers and heterodimers at inverted TAAT half-sites separated by two or three nucleotides. This dimeric configuration is thought to mediate target specificity, but whether monomeric and dimeric sites encode distinct levels of activity is not known. Here, we use a massively parallel reporter assay, CRE-seq, to determine how local sequence context shapes the regulatory activity of CRX binding sites in mouse photoreceptors. We assay inactivating mutations in >1700 TFBSs, and we find that dimeric CRX binding sites act as stronger enhancers than monomeric CRX binding sites. Furthermore, the activity of dimeric half-sites is cooperative, dependent on a strict three-base-pair spacing, and tuned by the identity of the spacer nucleotides. Saturating single-nucleotide mutagenesis of 195 CRX binding sites shows that, on average, changes in TFBS affinity are correlated with changes in regulatory activity, but this relationship is obscured when considering mutations across multiple CREs. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the activity of CRX binding sites is highly dependent on sequence context, providing insight into photoreceptor gene regulation and illustrating functional principles of homeodomain binding sites that may be conserved in other cell types.
2018-08-26 | GSE106243 | GEO
Project description:Sequence-specific DNA binding by transcription factors (TFs) is required for accurately regulating target gene expression. However, rules governing TF-DNA interactions remain elusive because current high-throughput approaches to map them fail to identify lower-affinity interactions. To address this gap, we have developed PADIT-seq, a novel technology to detect TF-DNA interactions across the entire spectrum of affinities. By profiling the binding preferences of Egr1 and Hoxd13 to all possible 10-mers, we found that nucleotides flanking high-affinity binding sites create additional, overlapping lower-affinity sites that together modulate TF genomic occupancy. The formation of these extended recognition sequences is enabled by an inherent property of TF binding sites to interweave together. Highlighting the importance of lower-affinity binding sites, we provide mechanistic insights into their role in fine-tuning gene regulation.
2024-03-06 | GSE250601 | GEO
Project description:Transcription factors (TF) recognize specific genomic sequences to regulate complex gene expression programs. Although it is well established that TFs bind specific DNA sequences using a combination of base readout and shape recognition, some fundamental aspects of protein-DNA binding remain poorly understood. Many DNA-binding proteins induce changes in the DNA structure outside the intrinsic B-DNA envelope. However, how the energetic cost associated with distorting DNA contributes to recognition has proven difficult to study because the distorted DNA exists in low-abundance in the unbound ensemble. Here, we use a novel high-throughput assay called SaMBA (Saturation Mismatch-Binding Assay) to investigate the role of DNA conformational penalties in TF-DNA recognition. In SaMBA, mismatches are introduced to pre-induce DNA structural distortions much larger than those induced by changes in Watson-Crick sequence. Strikingly, approximately 10% of mismatches increased TF binding, and at least one mismatch was found that increased the binding affinity for each of 22 examined TFs. Mismatches also converted non-specific sites into high-affinity sites, and high-affinity sites into super-sites stronger than any known canonical binding site. Determination of high-resolution X-ray structures, combined with NMR measurements and structural analyses revealed that many of the mismatches that increase binding induce distortions similar to those induced by protein binding, thus pre-paying some of the energetic cost to deform the DNA. Our work indicates that conformational penalties are a major determinant of protein-DNA recognition, and reveals mechanisms by which mismatches can recruit TFs and thus modulate replication and repair activities in the cell.
2020-08-29 | GSE157064 | GEO
Project description:Transcription factors (TF) recognize specific genomic sequences to regulate complex gene expression programs. Although it is well established that TFs bind specific DNA sequences using a combination of base readout and shape recognition, some fundamental aspects of protein-DNA binding remain poorly understood. Many DNA-binding proteins induce changes in the DNA structure outside the intrinsic B-DNA envelope. However, how the energetic cost associated with distorting DNA contributes to recognition has proven difficult to study because the distorted DNA exists in low-abundance in the unbound ensemble. Here, we use a novel high-throughput assay called SaMBA (Saturation Mismatch-Binding Assay) to investigate the role of DNA conformational penalties in TF-DNA recognition. In SaMBA, mismatches are introduced to pre-induce DNA structural distortions much larger than those induced by changes in Watson-Crick sequence. Strikingly, approximately 10% of mismatches increased TF binding, and at least one mismatch was found that increased the binding affinity for each of 22 examined TFs. Mismatches also converted non-specific sites into high-affinity sites, and high-affinity sites into super-sites stronger than any known canonical binding site. Determination of high-resolution X-ray structures, combined with NMR measurements and structural analyses revealed that many of the mismatches that increase binding induce distortions similar to those induced by protein binding, thus pre-paying some of the energetic cost to deform the DNA. Our work indicates that conformational penalties are a major determinant of protein-DNA recognition, and reveals mechanisms by which mismatches can recruit TFs and thus modulate replication and repair activities in the cell.
2020-08-29 | GSE157067 | GEO
Project description:Transcription factors (TF) recognize specific genomic sequences to regulate complex gene expression programs. Although it is well established that TFs bind specific DNA sequences using a combination of base readout and shape recognition, some fundamental aspects of protein-DNA binding remain poorly understood. Many DNA-binding proteins induce changes in the DNA structure outside the intrinsic B-DNA envelope. However, how the energetic cost associated with distorting DNA contributes to recognition has proven difficult to study because the distorted DNA exists in low-abundance in the unbound ensemble. Here, we use a novel high-throughput assay called SaMBA (Saturation Mismatch-Binding Assay) to investigate the role of DNA conformational penalties in TF-DNA recognition. In SaMBA, mismatches are introduced to pre-induce DNA structural distortions much larger than those induced by changes in Watson-Crick sequence. Strikingly, approximately 10% of mismatches increased TF binding, and at least one mismatch was found that increased the binding affinity for each of 22 examined TFs. Mismatches also converted non-specific sites into high-affinity sites, and high-affinity sites into super-sites stronger than any known canonical binding site. Determination of high-resolution X-ray structures, combined with NMR measurements and structural analyses revealed that many of the mismatches that increase binding induce distortions similar to those induced by protein binding, thus pre-paying some of the energetic cost to deform the DNA. Our work indicates that conformational penalties are a major determinant of protein-DNA recognition, and reveals mechanisms by which mismatches can recruit TFs and thus modulate replication and repair activities in the cell.
2020-08-29 | GSE157066 | GEO
Project description:Transcription factors (TF) recognize specific genomic sequences to regulate complex gene expression programs. Although it is well established that TFs bind specific DNA sequences using a combination of base readout and shape recognition, some fundamental aspects of protein-DNA binding remain poorly understood. Many DNA-binding proteins induce changes in the DNA structure outside the intrinsic B-DNA envelope. However, how the energetic cost associated with distorting DNA contributes to recognition has proven difficult to study because the distorted DNA exists in low-abundance in the unbound ensemble. Here, we use a novel high-throughput assay called SaMBA (Saturation Mismatch-Binding Assay) to investigate the role of DNA conformational penalties in TF-DNA recognition. In SaMBA, mismatches are introduced to pre-induce DNA structural distortions much larger than those induced by changes in Watson-Crick sequence. Strikingly, approximately 10% of mismatches increased TF binding, and at least one mismatch was found that increased the binding affinity for each of 22 examined TFs. Mismatches also converted non-specific sites into high-affinity sites, and high-affinity sites into super-sites stronger than any known canonical binding site. Determination of high-resolution X-ray structures, combined with NMR measurements and structural analyses revealed that many of the mismatches that increase binding induce distortions similar to those induced by protein binding, thus pre-paying some of the energetic cost to deform the DNA. Our work indicates that conformational penalties are a major determinant of protein-DNA recognition, and reveals mechanisms by which mismatches can recruit TFs and thus modulate replication and repair activities in the cell.
2020-08-29 | GSE157065 | GEO
Project description:Transcription factors (TF) recognize specific genomic sequences to regulate complex gene expression programs. Although it is well established that TFs bind specific DNA sequences using a combination of base readout and shape recognition, some fundamental aspects of protein-DNA binding remain poorly understood. Many DNA-binding proteins induce changes in the DNA structure outside the intrinsic B-DNA envelope. However, how the energetic cost associated with distorting DNA contributes to recognition has proven difficult to study because the distorted DNA exists in low-abundance in the unbound ensemble. Here, we use a novel high-throughput assay called SaMBA (Saturation Mismatch-Binding Assay) to investigate the role of DNA conformational penalties in TF-DNA recognition. In SaMBA, mismatches are introduced to pre-induce DNA structural distortions much larger than those induced by changes in Watson-Crick sequence. Strikingly, approximately 10% of mismatches increased TF binding, and at least one mismatch was found that increased the binding affinity for each of 22 examined TFs. Mismatches also converted non-specific sites into high-affinity sites, and high-affinity sites into super-sites stronger than any known canonical binding site. Determination of high-resolution X-ray structures, combined with NMR measurements and structural analyses revealed that many of the mismatches that increase binding induce distortions similar to those induced by protein binding, thus pre-paying some of the energetic cost to deform the DNA. Our work indicates that conformational penalties are a major determinant of protein-DNA recognition, and reveals mechanisms by which mismatches can recruit TFs and thus modulate replication and repair activities in the cell.
2020-08-16 | GSE156304 | GEO