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Human Promoters Are Intrinsically Directional

ABSTRACT: Divergent transcription, in which reverse-oriented transcripts occur upstream of eukaryotic promoters in regions devoid of annotated genes, has been suggested to be a general property of active promoters. Here we show that the human basal RNA polymerase II transcriptional machinery and core promoter are inherently unidirectional, and that reverse-oriented transcripts originate from their own cognate reverse-directed core promoters. In vitro transcription analysis and mapping of nascent transcripts in cells revealed that core promoters are unidirectional and that sequences at reverse start sites are similar to those of their forward counterparts. The use of DNase I accessibility to define proximal promoter borders revealed that about half of promoters are unidirectional and that these unidirectional promoters are depleted at their upstream edges of reverse core promoter sequences and their associated chromatin features. Divergent transcription is thus not an inherent property of the transcription process, but rather the consequence of the presence of both forward- and reverse-directed core promoters.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE63872 | GEO | 2015/01/16

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA269295

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Human Promoters Are Intrinsically Directional

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Project description:Despite much research, our understanding of the architecture and cis-regulatory elements of human promoters is still lacking. Here, we devised a high-throughput assay to quantify the activity of ~15,000 fully designed sequences that we integrated and expressed from a fixed location within the human genome. We used this method to investigate thousands of native promoters and pre-initiation complex (PIC) binding regions followed by in-depth characterization of the sequence motifs underlying promoter activity including core promoter elements and TF binding-sites. We find that core promoters drive transcription mostly unidirectionally, and that sequences originating from promoters exhibit stronger activity than those originating from enhancers. Testing multiple synthetic configurations of core promoter elements, we dissect the motifs that positively and negatively regulate transcription as well as the effect of their combinations and distances, including a 10bp periodicity in the optimal distance between the TATA and the Initiator. By comprehensively screening 133 TF binding-sites, we find that in contrast to core promoters, TF binding-sites maintain similar activity levels in both orientations supporting a model by which divergent transcription is driven by two distinct unidirectional core promoters sharing bidirectional TF binding-sites. Finally, we find a striking agreement between the effect of binding site multiplicity of individual TFs in our assay and their tendency to appear in homotypic clusters throughout the genome. Overall, our study systematically assays the elements that drive expression in core- and proximal- promoter regions and shed light on organization principles of regulatory regions in the human genome.

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