Comparative transcriptome analyses of citrus root responses to Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus infection
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Citrus reticulata
PROVIDER: GSE67560 | GEO | 2015/04/04
SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA280255
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Root samples of ‘Sanhu’ red tangerine trees infected with and without Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) were collected at 50 days post inoculation and subjected to RNA-sequencingto profile the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) . Results showed that a total of 3956 genes were differentially regulated by HLB-infection. Comparison between our results and those of the previously reported showed that known HLB-modulated biological pathways including cell-wall modification, protease-involved protein degradation, carbohydrate metabolism, hormone synthesis and signaling, transcription activities, and stress responses were similarly regulated by HLB infection but different or root-specific changes did exist. The root unique changes included the down-regulation in genes of ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation pathway, secondary metabolisms, cytochrome P450, UDP-glucosyl transferase and pentatricopeptide repeat containing protein genes. Notably, nutrient absorption was impaired by HLB-infection as the expression of the genes involved in Fe, Zn, N and P adsorption and transportation were significantly changed. HLB-infection induced some cellular defense responses but simultaneously reduced the biosynthesis of the three major classes of secondary metabolites, many of which are known to have anti-pathogen activities. Genes involved in callose deposition were up-regulated whereas those involved in callose degradation were also up-regulated, indicating that the sieve tube elements in roots were hanging on the balance of life and death at this stage. In addition, signs of carbohydrate starvation were already eminent in roots at this stage. Other interesting genes and pathways that were changed by HLB-infection were also discussed based on our findings. Two-year-old seedlings of ‘Sanhu’ red tangerine were grafted with buds from CLas-infected or CLas-free ‘Gonggan’ mandarin trees. Mature leaves and roots were collected from the CLas-inoculated and the control trees every ten days to detect for CLas by PCR. DNA used for PCR was extracted with the use of the Plant DNA isolation Kit (Trans, Beijing, China) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Primers used for CLas detection were the same A2/J5. The fibrous roots of 3 CLas-positive and 3 control CLas-free trees were individually collected at 50 dpi (days post inoculation) when the HLB-inoculated trees became CLas-positive in both leaves and roots yet showed no visible chlorosis and other HLB symptoms. This should have allowed us not to miss too many early responsive genes but at the same time ensured that the trees were infected as expected. Total RNA was extracted from each sample using RNeasy plant mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and further purified using the RQ1 Rnase Free Dnase Kit (Promega, Madison, USA). RNA quality and quantity were assessed by gel-electrophoresis and by absorbance at OD260/OD280, respectively. Aliquot RNA samples were stored at -80 ?. For RNA-seq analysis, RNA samples from the three trees were mixed in equal amount and used for cDNA library construction following the Illumina mRNA-sequencing sample preparation protocol (Illumina, San Diego, CA). The 90-bp raw paired end reads were generated by Illumina HiSeqTM 2000. Please note that the features (in the processed data, e.g.,clementine0.9_035093m.g) represent the gene IDs in the Citrus clementina genome at ftp://ftp.jgi-psf.org/pub/JGI_data/phytozome/v9.0/Cclementina/. However, the database has been updated (http://genome.jgi.doe.gov/pages/dynamicOrganismDownload.jsf?organism=PhytozomeV10) with new gene IDs, thus the gene IDs used for this study are not trackable anymore. Therefore, the gene annotation files downloadeded from the previous genome database (v0.9) and used for the data analysis are included in this record.
2015-04-04 | E-GEOD-67560 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:To evaluate the transcriptome response of roots towards Hoagland solution of two-year-old healthy (C) and HLB-affected (T) sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) cultivar Midsweet grafted on Kuharskei Carrizo rootstock at three different time points; D1 (at the start of the experiment), D2 (After 3 days of Hoagland solution), D3 (After nine days of Hoagland solution), were performed using RNA sequencing analysis. A total of 9, 19, and 2324 DEGs were expressed in HLB-affected and healthy trees feeder roots on D1, D2, and D3, respectively. Due to a small number of DEGs in HLB-affected and healthy trees roots on D1 and D2, enrichment analysis could not be performed. At D3, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed using upregulated and downregulated DEGs in HLB-affected roots compared to healthy roots. For the upregulated DEGs in HLB-affected roots, the most enriched biological GO categories were related to transport, cellular amino acid metabolic process, oxoacid metabolic process, organic acid metabolic processes, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis process, response to carbohydrate stimulus, ethylene and the jasmonic acid-mediated signaling pathway, and regulation of plant hormone. The biological GO categories based on the number of DEGs associated with downregulated DEGs were the developmental process, phosphate metabolic process, protein modification process, defense response, growth, cell cycle, cell death, and ABA-mediated signaling pathway. The results of this study strongly suggest; although, the reduced biomass limits the nutrient uptake capacity in the plants as a whole, so in order to compensate for reduced root to shoot ratio the existing root undergo anatomical and transcriptomic changes to improve nutrient uptake efficiency to meet the nutrient demand of shoot systems. It is likely that higher inputs of energy in nutrient uptake possibly results in reducing the root longevity of HLB-affected trees. Good nutrition management practices are critical for the survival of HLB-affected trees as the availability and uptake of nutrients allow HLB-affected trees in response to abiotic and biotic stress.
2020-05-03 | GSE149755 | GEO
Project description:Aluminum (Al)-induced root tip cell elongation inhibition is a major cause of plant root elongation suppression. Root tip cell elongation inhibition is caused by disruption to cell wall component metabolism, growth signaling, or cellular damage. The aim of this study was to identify the proteins involved in root elongation under Al stress in the tolerant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ET8. We investigated wheat root protein profiles using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). In total, 97 differentially expressed proteins from Al-tolerant wheat roots were screened and 11 of the 97 proteins were root elongation related. The 14-3-3 protein, plasma membrane ATPase, phospholipase D, and peroxidase are involved in cell wall component metabolism. The cellulase activity and callase activity were down-regulated by Al stress, whereas, the PAL, CAD, and POD activities were up-regulated. In addition, the callose, cellulose, lignin, and H2O2 contents varied significantly. Furthermore, Al stress inhibited root elongation in a metabolic enzyme and carbohydrate-dependent manner. The results indicated that the protein involved with growth signaling is elongation factor 1-α. The cellular damage related proteins are glycosyltransferase and sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase. The iTRAQ analysis highlighted candidate proteins associated with root cell elongation and revealed several new aspects of the metabolic processes underlying Al toxicity and tolerance. We propose that Al stress leads to marked variations in metabolic enzyme activity, carbohydrate content, and cellular damage, followed by inhibition of root elongation in wheat roots. This study has provided the most integrated view of the adaptive root responses to Al-toxicity.
2018-01-15 | PXD008684 | iProX
Project description:Sudden death syndrome (SDS) caused by the fungal pathogen, Fusarium virguliforme, is a major threat to soybean production in North America. There are two major components of this disease: (i) root necrosis and (ii) foliar SDS. Root symptoms consist of root necrosis with vascular discoloration that extends upto several nodes and internodes into the stem. Foliar SDS symptom is characterized by interveinal chlorosis and necrosis in leaves which finally curl and fall off, and in severe cases by flower, pod abscission and immature seed formation. A major toxin involved in initiating foliar SDS has been identified. Nothing is known about how root necrosis develops. In order to unravel the mechanisms used by the pathogen to cause root necrosis, the transcriptome of the pathogen in infected soybean root tissues of a susceptible cultivar (Williams 82) was investigated. The transcriptomes of the germinating conidia and mycelia were also examined. Of the 14,845 predicted F. virguliforme genes, we observed that 12,017 (81%) were expressed in germinating conidial spores and 12,208 (82%) in mycelia and 10,626 (72%) in infected soybean roots. Of the 10,626 genes induced in infected roots, 224 were transcribed only following infection. Expression of several infection-induced genes encoding enzymes with oxidation-reduction properties suggests that degradation of antimicrobial compounds such as the phytoalexin, glyceollin could be important in establishing the biotrophic phase. Enzymes with hydrolytic and catalytic activities could play an important role in the transitioning of the pathogen from biotrophic to necrotrophic phase. Expression of a large number of genes encoding enzymes with catalytic and hydrolytic activities during late infection stage suggests cell wall degradation by some of these enzymes could be involved in root necrosis and establishing the necrotrophic phase in this pathogen.
2016-08-30 | GSE86201 | GEO
Project description:Wild yeast and many clinical strains form complex, biofilm colonies, providing protection from desiccation, drugs and other stresses. Few transcriptomic studies have focused on sub-surface invasive “roots” due to the challenges of cell isolation from agar and subpopulation cross-contamination. Here we present, a first transcriptomic analysis via RNA sequencing of root and aerial cells, separated by a novel method. We identified 719 coding genes with upregulated root expression, mainly involved in ribosome structure/biogenesis, biosynthesis and translation and 529 loci/genes with upregulated aerial expression, mainly involved in meiosis/sporulation, stress defense and protein degradation; all indicating that aerial cells are resting and root cells are metabolically active cells. On the basis of 172 root-upregulated and 233 aerial-upregulated non-coding loci detected, anti-regulated gene/lncRNA pairs have been identified that may contribute to negative regulation of gene expression. Importantly, cells showing typical markers of “roots” correspond with cells embedded in extracellular matrix and cells showing typical markers of “aerial” parts with ECM-free cells.
2017-10-31 | GSE98243 | GEO
Project description:Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is one of the most important staple food crops worldwide. Its starchy tuberous roots supply over 800 million people with carbohydrates. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the processes involved in filling of those vital storage organs. A better understanding of cassava carbohydrate allocation and starch storage is key to improve storage root yield. In this work, we studied cassava morphology and phloem sap flow from source to sink using transgenic pAtSUC2::GFP plants, the phloem tracers esculin and 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA), as well as several staining techniques. We show that cassava performs apoplasmic phloem loading in source leaves and symplasmic unloading into phloem parenchyma cells of tuberous roots. We demonstrate that vascular rays play an important role in radial transport from the phloem to xylem parenchyma cells in tuberous roots. Furthermore, enzymatic and proteomic measurements of storage root tissues confirmed high abundance and activity of enzymes involved in the sucrose synthase-mediated pathway and indicated that starch is stored most efficiently in the outer xylem layers of tuberous roots. Our findings represent a first basis for biotechnological approaches aimed at improved phloem loading and enhanced carbohydrate allocation and storage in order to increase tuberous root yield of cassava.
2019-07-08 | PXD014001 | Pride
Project description:We report that CBP20 phosphorylation can regulate root growth in ethylene. We examined the small RNA expression in roots and shoots of wild type (Col) and cbp20 mutant (in Col background). Ethylene is one of the most essential hormones for plant developmental processes and stress responses. EIN2 is a key factor in ethylene signaling pathway and its function is regulated by phosphorylation. However, the phosphorylation regulation in the ethylene signaling pathway is largely unknown. Here we report the phosphorylation of CBP20 is regulated by ethylene, and the phosphorylation is involved in root elongation. The constitutive phosphorylation format of CBP20 rescues the cbp20 root ethylene hyposensitive phenotype, while the constitutive de-phosphorylation format of CBP20 is unable to rescue the root phenotype of cbp20 in response to ethylene. Genome wide study on ethylene regulated gene expression and microRNA expression in the roots and shoots of both Col and cbp20, together with the result of genetics validation suggest that ethylene induced phosphorylation of CBP20 is involved in root growth and one pathway is through the regulation of microRNAs and their target genes in roots.
2016-10-31 | GSE83574 | GEO
Project description:We report that CBP20 phosphorylation can regulate root growth in ethylene. We examined the gene expression in roots and shoots of wild type (Col) and cbp20 mutant (in Col background). Ethylene is one of the most essential hormones for plant developmental processes and stress responses. EIN2 is a key factor in ethylene signaling pathway and its function is regulated by phosphorylation. However, the phosphorylation regulation in the ethylene signaling pathway is largely unknown. Here we report the phosphorylation of CBP20 is regulated by ethylene, and the phosphorylation is involved in root elongation. The constitutive phosphorylation format of CBP20 rescues the cbp20 root ethylene hyposensitive phenotype, while the constitutive de-phosphorylation format of CBP20 is unable to rescue the root phenotype of cbp20 in response to ethylene. Genome wide study on ethylene regulated gene expression and microRNA expression in the roots and shoots of both Col and cbp20, together with the result of genetics validation suggest that ethylene induced phosphorylation of CBP20 is involved in root growth and one pathway is through the regulation of microRNAs and their target genes in roots.
2016-10-31 | GSE83573 | GEO
Project description:We found that primary root (PR) is more resistant to salt stress compared with crown roots (CR) and seminal roots (SR). To understand better salt stress responses in maize roots, six RNA libraries were generated and sequenced from primary root (PR), primary roots under salt stress (PR-salt) , seminal roots (SR), seminal roots under salt stress (SR-salt), crown roots (CR), and crown roots under salt stress (CR-salt). Through integrative analysis, we identified 444 genes regulated by salt stress in maize roots, and found that the expression patterns of some genes and enzymes involved in important pathway under salt stress, such as reactive oxygen species scavenging, plant hormone signal perception and transduction, and compatible solutes synthesis differed dramatically in different maize roots. 16 of differentially expressed genes were selected for further validation with quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR).We demonstrate that the expression patterns of differentially expressed genes are highly diversified in different maize roots. The differentially expressed genes are correlated with the differential growth responses to salt stress in maize roots. Our studies provide deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms about the differential growth responses of different root types in response to environmental stimuli in planta.
2014-03-01 | GSE53995 | GEO
Project description:This model is from the article:
Root gravitropism is regulated by a transient lateral auxin gradient controlled by a tipping-point mechanism.
Band LR, Wells DM, Larrieu A, Sun J, Middleton AM, French AP, Brunoud G, Sato EM, Wilson MH, Péret B, Oliva M, Swarup R, Sairanen I, Parry G, Ljung K, Beeckman T, Garibaldi JM, Estelle M, Owen MR, Vissenberg K, Hodgman TC, Pridmore TP, King JR, Vernoux T, Bennett MJ.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2012 Mar 20;109(12):4668-73
22393022,
Abstract:
Gravity profoundly influences plant growth and development. Plants respond to changes in orientation by using gravitropic responses to modify their growth. Cholodny and Went hypothesized over 80 years ago that plants bend in response to a gravity stimulus by generating a lateral gradient of a growth regulator at an organ's apex, later found to be auxin. Auxin regulates root growth by targeting Aux/IAA repressor proteins for degradation. We used an Aux/IAA-based reporter, domain II (DII)-VENUS, in conjunction with a mathematical model to quantify auxin redistribution following a gravity stimulus. Our multidisciplinary approach revealed that auxin is rapidly redistributed to the lower side of the root within minutes of a 90° gravity stimulus. Unexpectedly, auxin asymmetry was rapidly lost as bending root tips reached an angle of 40° to the horizontal. We hypothesize roots use a "tipping point" mechanism that operates to reverse the asymmetric auxin flow at the midpoint of root bending. These mechanistic insights illustrate the scientific value of developing quantitative reporters such as DII-VENUS in conjunction with parameterized mathematical models to provide high-resolution kinetics of hormone redistribution.
This model corresponds to the simplified model described in the article. It is assumed that, on the timescale of DII-VENUS degradation, the concentrations of auxin, TIR1/AFB, and their complexes can be approximated by quasi-steady-state expressions. This reduced the full model to a single ODE that describes how the DII-VENUS dynamics depend on the auxin influx and four parameter groupings.
2012-04-05 | BIOMD0000000414 | BioModels