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Genome-wide profiling of total RNA from mutants that affect chromatin dynamics: RTT109, SWR1, and the nuclear RNA exosome RRP6

ABSTRACT: The histone variant H2A.Z is a hallmark of nucleosomes flanking the promoters of protein coding genes, and is often found in nucleosomes that also carry lysine 56- acetylated histone H3 (H3-K56Ac), a mark which promotes rapid replication- independent turnover of nucleosomes. Although H2A.Z and H3-K56Ac have been generally implicated in transcriptional activation, their exact contributions have remained elusive. Here we find that H3-K56Ac promotes RNA polymerase II occupancy at a large number of protein coding and noncoding loci, yet neither H3- K56Ac nor H2A.Z has a significant impact on steady state mRNA levels in yeast. Instead, broad effects of H3-K56Ac or H2A.Z on levels of both coding and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are only revealed in the absence of the nuclear RNA exosome. H2A.Z is also necessary for expression of divergent, promoter-proximal ncRNAs in mouse embryonic stem cells, suggesting a conserved role for H2A.Z across eukaryotes. Finally, we show that H2A.Z functions with H3-K56Ac in chromosome folding, facilitating formation of chromosome interaction domains (CIDs). Our study suggests that H2A.Z and H3-K56Ac work in concert with the RNA exosome to control mRNA and ncRNA expression, perhaps in part by regulating higher order chromatin structures.

ORGANISM(S): Saccharomyces cerevisiae

PROVIDER: GSE73110 | GEO | 2015/11/12

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA296115

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Chromatin dynamics and the RNA exosome function in concert to regulate transcriptional homeostasis (ChIP-seq)

Project description:The histone variant H2A.Z is a hallmark of nucleosomes flanking the promoters of protein coding genes, and is often found in nucleosomes that also carry lysine 56- acetylated histone H3 (H3-K56Ac), a mark which promotes rapid replication- independent turnover of nucleosomes. Although H2A.Z and H3-K56Ac have been generally implicated in transcriptional activation, their exact contributions have remained elusive. Here we find that H3-K56Ac promotes RNA polymerase II occupancy at a large number of protein coding and noncoding loci, yet neither H3- K56Ac nor H2A.Z has a significant impact on steady state mRNA levels in yeast. Instead, broad effects of H3-K56Ac or H2A.Z on levels of both coding and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are only revealed in the absence of the nuclear RNA exosome. H2A.Z is also necessary for expression of divergent, promoter-proximal ncRNAs in mouse embryonic stem cells, suggesting a conserved role for H2A.Z across eukaryotes. Finally, we show that H2A.Z functions with H3-K56Ac in chromosome folding, facilitating formation of chromosome interaction domains (CIDs). Our study suggests that H2A.Z and H3-K56Ac work in concert with the RNA exosome to control mRNA and ncRNA expression, perhaps in part by regulating higher order chromatin structures. 2 replicates of WT (CY1089), rtt109â (CY2210), rrp6â (CY2071) and one replicate of the W303 input (Sample 7). TableS5.xlsx contains the processed IP/input values for each ORF transcript.

2015-11-12 | E-GEOD-72692 | biostudies-arrayexpress

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A histone acetylation switch regulates H2A.Z deposition by the SWR-C remodeling enzyme

Project description:The histone variant H2A.Z plays key roles in gene expression, DNA repair, and centromere function. H2A.Z deposition is controlled by SWR-C chromatin remodeling enzymes that catalyze the nucleosomal exchange of canonical H2A with H2A.Z. Here we report that acetylation of histone H3 lysine 56 (H3-K56Ac) alters the substrate specificity of SWR-C, leading to promiscuous dimer exchange where either H2A.Z or H2A can be exchanged from nucleosomes. This result is confirmed in vivo, where genome-wide analysis demonstrates widespread decreases in H2A.Z levels in yeast mutants with hyperacetylated H3K56. Our work also suggests that a conserved SWR-C subunit may function as a M-bM-^@M-^\lockM-bM-^@M-^] that prevents removal of H2A.Z from nucleosomes. Our study identifies a histone modification that regulates a chromatin remodeling reaction and provides insights into how histone variants and nucleosome turnover can be controlled by chromatin regulators. H2A.Z ChIP seq experiments in mutants with constitutive H3K56ac

2013-04-15 | E-GEOD-43935 | biostudies-arrayexpress

A histone acetylation switch regulates H2A.Z deposition by the SWR-C remodeling enzyme

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2013-04-15 | GSE43935 | GEO

Stepwise histone replacement by SWR1 requires dual activation with histone H2A.Z and canonical nucleosome

Project description:Histone variant H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes are incorporated at most eukaryotic promoters. This incorporation is mediated by the conserved SWR1 complex, which replaces histone H2A in canonical nucleosomes with H2A.Z in an ATP-dependent manner. Here, we show that promoter-proximal nucleosomes are highly heterogeneous for H2A.Z in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with substantial representation of nucleosomes containing one, two, or no H2A.Z molecules. SWR1-catalyzed H2A.Z replacement in vitro occurs in a stepwise and unidirectional fashion, one H2A.Z-H2B dimer at a time, producing heterotypic nucleosomes as intermediates and homotypic H2A.Z nucleosomes as end products. The ATPase activity of SWR1 is specifically stimulated by H2A-containing nucleosomes without ensuing histone H2A eviction. Remarkably, further addition of free H2A.Z-H2B dimer leads to hyperstimulation of ATPase activity, eviction of nucleosomal H2A-H2B and deposition of H2A.Z-H2B. These results suggest that the combination of H2A-containing nucleosome and free H2A.Z-H2B dimer acting as both effector and substrate for SWR1 governs the specificity and outcome of the replacement reaction. Total nucleosomes from MNase-treated nuclear extracts were fractionated by sequential immunoprecipitation into homotypic H2A/H2A (AA), heterotypic H2A/H2A.Z (AZ), and homotypic H2A.Z/H2A.Z (ZZ) nucleosomes.

2010-10-12 | E-GEOD-24618 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Stepwise histone replacement by SWR1 requires dual activation with histone H2A.Z and canonical nucleosome

2010-10-12 | GSE24618 | GEO

H2A.Z inheritance during the cell cycle and its impact on promoter organization and dynamics [ChIP-seq]

Project description:While it has been clearly established that well positioned H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes flank the nucleosome depleted region (NDR) at the transcriptional start site (TSS) of active mammalian genes, how this chromatin-based information is transmitted through the cell cycle is unknown. We show here that in trophoblast stem (TS) cells, the level of H2A.Z at promoters decreases during S phase coinciding with homotypic (H2A.Z/H2A.Z) nucleosomes flanking the TSS becoming heterotypic (H2A.Z/H2A). Surprisingly, these nucleosomes remain heterotypic at M phase. At the TSS, we identify an unstable heterotypic H2A.Z-containing nucleosome in G1 which, strikingly, is lost following DNA replication. These dynamic changes in H2A.Z at the TSS mirror a global expansion of the NDR at S and M which, unexpectedly, is unrelated to transcriptional activity. Coincident with the loss of H2A.Z at promoters, it is targeted to the centromere when mitosis begins We performed ChIP-Seq experiments (on mouse Trophoblast Stem cells arrested at G1; S and M stages of thecell cycle) using antibodies against histone variant H2A.Z and sequentional ChIP-re-ChIP-Seq experiments using H2A.Z antibody and H2A antibody in sequence. Combining those data sets with microarray gene expression expression data allowed us to see H2A.Z distribution over promoters of mouse coding genes in cell cycle dependant manner. Interestingly, Input also showed cell-cycle dependent effects, but histone H3 could be used as a cell-cycle independent normalisation factor. We also performed ChIP-seq with a CTCF pull-down to investigate its cell-cycle dependent relationship with heterochromatin.

2012-11-23 | E-GEOD-41371 | biostudies-arrayexpress

The yeast GG-NER complex evicts histone H2A.Z-containing barrier nucleosomes from CID boundaries during DNA repair

Project description:Background: Repair of DNA damage requires chromatin remodeling to permit removal of the lesions. How nucleosomes are remodelled to initiate repair of DNA damage remains largely unknown. Here, we describe how chromatin is altered during repair of UV-induced DNA damage at the level of the linear organisation of nucleosomes. Results: Using MNase-seq, we identified a subset of nucleosomes in the genome that are remodelled in UV-damaged wild-type yeast cells. We mapped the genomic location of these nucleosomes, showing that they contain the histone variant H2A.Z. The remodelling observed is consistent with histone exchange or eviction at these positions. This depends on the yeast SWI/SNF global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) chromatin-remodelling complex. Remarkably, we found that in the absence of DNA damage, the GG-NER complex occupies chromatin at nucleosome free regions separating adjacent nucleosomes. This establishes the nucleosome structure at these genomic locations, which we refer to as GG-NER complex binding sites (GCBS’s). We observed that these sites are frequently located precisely at certain boundary regions that delineate chromasomally interacting domains (CIDs). These boundaries define chromosomal domains of higher-order nucleosome-nucleosome interaction. We demonstrate that the GG-NER complex redistributes following remodelling of these nucleosomes after DNA damage taking up genomic positions located within the CIDs. This permits the efficient removal of DNA damage at these sites. Conclusions: We argue that organising DNA repair in the genome as described may define origins of DNA repair that greatly reduces the genomic search space for DNA damage recognition, thus ensuring the efficient repair of damage in chromatin.

2018-12-06 | E-MTAB-6569 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Swr1 mediated H2A.ZPht1 incorporation designates centromere DNA for de novo CENP-ACnp1 assembly

Project description:The centromere is the location on each chromosome that directs the assembly of the kinetochore. The underlying hallmark of centromeres in most eukaryotes is the presence of specialised nucleosomes in which canonical histone H3 is replaced by the histone H3 variant CENP-A. The molecular events that mediate a programme to install CENP-A in place of histone H3, at centromeres and how the centromeric chromatin is reorganised for CENP-A assembly during cell cycle remain poorly characterised. Histone H2A variant, H2A.Z is linked to transcriptional competence, in maintaining heterochromatin silencing and enriched in CENP-A chromatin. Our analyses demonstrate that H2A.ZPht1 and the Swr1 complex are associated with CENP-ACnp1 chromatin in fission yeast. Swr1 and Msc1 regulate H2A.ZPht1 deposition at centromeres and along with H2A.ZPht1 maintain CENP-ACnp1 chromatin integrity. Additionally, they coordinate the deposition of CENP-ACnp1 through the cell cycle, coupled with eviction of histone H3 from centromeres. Based on our results, we propose that the centromere is programmed to the widespread incorporation of H2A.ZPht1 via Swr1, and that H2A.ZPht1 dynamics likely play a role in regulating centromeric chromatin by influencing CENP-A incorporation.

2020-12-01 | GSE106585 | GEO

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