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Multidisciplinary analysis reveals the social inequality patterns in the Central Plains of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in China

ABSTRACT: his study analyzes 32 skeletons from Songzhuang Cemetery, Henan, China, revealing social inequality during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. We constructed a family tree for six nobles and 26 sacrificial victims, showing kinship's role in elite politics. Young women's prevalence among victims suggests their marginalization. Isotopic analysis indicates nobles consumed high-status, millet-based diets, while victims had distinct dietary habits, reflecting intra-class differences. Enamel and dentin isotopes show childhood dietary disparities, highlighting entrenched inequality. Strontium and oxygen isotopes suggest noble mobility. DNA links Songzhuang individuals to Yellow River farmers, with some showing southern East Asian ancestry. A genealogy connects noblewomen to a victim, emphasizing blood and marital alliances. An exception in tomb M18 shows class mobility through childhood dietary changes.

ORGANISM(S): Homo Sapiens

SUBMITTER: Anchuan Fan

PROVIDER: PXD068097 | iProX | Thu Sep 04 00:00:00 BST 2025

REPOSITORIES: iProX

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