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From Function to Omics: Endophytic Beauveria bassiana Promotes Maize Growth by Activating Phytohormone Signaling Pathways under Elevated Carbon Dioxide

ABSTRACT:

Several entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) species can colonize and establish symbiotic relationships with plants as endophytes, which affects crop growth under elevated carbon dioxide (eCO₂) concentrations. However, how EPF facilitates plants under eCO2 is poorly understood, especially at the transcriptional and metabolic levels. Here, the authors examined the effects of a widely used EPF, Beauveria bassiana, on maize growth under eCO2, and how it regulates enzyme activity and endogenous hormone metabolism, using transcriptomics and metabolomics. A significant increase in maize growth, as well as associated enzyme activity and hormones, under eCO2, following B. bassiana colonization, was observed. Omics analyses indicated that these effects may be attributed to the activation of primary metabolic pathways (ZMA01100) and secondary metabolite biosynthesis (ZMA01110), which have been demonstrated to influence plant hormone production and enzyme activity. The finding suggests that B. bassiana colonization modulates plants growth under eCO2 via regulation of the expression of related genes, and in turn, enzyme activity and hormone metabolism. The findings of the present study offer a theoretical foundation for elucidating the interactions between EPF and plants under climate change.

INSTRUMENT(S): Liquid Chromatography MS - negative - reverse phase, Liquid Chromatography MS - positive - reverse phase

PROVIDER: MTBLS13043 | MetaboLights | 2025-09-25

REPOSITORIES: MetaboLights

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			Action	DRS
	a_MTBLS13043_LC-MS_negative_reverse-phase_metabolite_profiling.txt	Txt
	a_MTBLS13043_LC-MS_positive_reverse-phase_metabolite_profiling.txt	Txt
	i_Investigation.txt	Txt
	m_MTBLS13043_LC-MS_negative_reverse-phase_metabolite_profiling_v2_maf.tsv	Tabular
	m_MTBLS13043_LC-MS_positive_reverse-phase_metabolite_profiling_v2_maf.tsv	Tabular

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Project description:BACKGROUND: The coevolution and interaction between plants and microorganisms have long been a subject of significant research interest. Dark septate endophytes (DSE) have garnered great attention in contemporary research due to their functional diversity, in vitro cultivation ability, and ability to establish symbiotic associations with host plants. In the present study, three DSE strains, namely Acrocalymma vagum, Zopfiella marina, and Phoma herbarum, which were obtained from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus, were introduced into maize plants through inoculation. We evaluated the effects of DSE inoculation on maize growth and root secretion activity through a multi omics methods, and proposed mechanisms for 'internal pathways' and 'external pathways'.RESULTS: The findings indicated that A. vagum exhibited superior growth-promoting ability on maize compared to Z. marina and P. herbarum.GO and KEGG enrichment analysis found that A. vagum inoculation resulted in significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes in annotation functions related to hormone regulation and lipid metabolism. A. vagum inoculation revealed that the gene pathways involved in plant hormone signaling and plant pathogen interactions play a crucial role in promoting host growth, and A. vagum inoculation group exhibited the highest number of differentially expressed genes, the most intricate protein-protein interaction (PPI) model, and the most pronounced relationship between differentially expressed genes. After the inoculation of A.vagum, the levels of salicylic acid, zeatin, and IAA in maize plants significantly increased. Additionally, the diversity and abundance of endophytic fungi, as well as the proportion of harmful bacteria and beneficial fungi, had significantly increased. Compared with Z. marina and P. herbarum, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) of A.vagum inoculated plants significantly increased. Inoculation with A.vagum could enhance the ability of corn roots to secrete lipids, sugars, and amino acids, resulted in a notable augmentation of beneficial bacteria and fungi, accompanied by a significant reduction in the proportion of harmful bacteria in the rhizosphere soil, such as Fusarium solani and Fusarium lacertarum, exhibited significant inhibition, whereas Bacillus niabensis and Bacillus nealsonii demonstrated enrichment trends. Soil pH, organic matter, available potassium content, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and urease activity exhibited significant increases following the inoculation of A. vagum. Variance decomposition and structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis indicated that the 'internal pathway', maize growth is mainly influenced by the interaction of endogenous hormones, endophytic microorganisms, and photosynthetic parameters, whereas within the 'external pathway', the interaction between soil microorganisms and soil physicochemical properties exerted a dominant influence. Compared with the Z. marina and P. herbarum inoculation, A. vagum inoculation showed a more significant impact on maize growth, both in terms of 'internal pathway' and 'external pathway', in terms of pathway level and quantity.CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide a new perspective for understanding the potential mechanisms of 'microbe-plant' interactions and also contribute to the exploration of targeted functional microorganisms that promote growth and stress resistance.

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From Function to Omics: Endophytic Beauveria bassiana Promotes Maize Growth by Activating Phytohormone Signaling Pathways under Elevated Carbon Dioxide

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